Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction

  1. Cellular Responses to Signaling
    1. Alterations in Gene Expression
      1. Activation of Transcription Factors
        1. Repression of Gene Expression
          1. Immediate Early Genes
            1. Delayed Response Genes
            2. Changes in Protein Function and Metabolism
              1. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
                1. Post-Translational Modifications
                  1. Glycogen Metabolism Regulation
                  2. Control of Cell Growth and Division
                    1. Progression through Cell Cycle
                      1. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
                        1. Mitogen-Activated Pathways
                          1. Regulation of Cyclins
                            1. Regulation of CDKs
                            2. Regulation of Cell Survival and Death
                              1. Pro-survival Signals
                                1. Akt Pathway
                                  1. Bcl-2 Family Proteins
                                  2. Apoptosis
                                    1. Intrinsic Pathway
                                      1. Cytochrome c Release
                                        1. Apoptosome Formation
                                        2. Extrinsic Pathway
                                          1. Death Receptors
                                            1. DISC Complex Formation
                                            2. Caspase Cascade
                                              1. Initiator Caspases
                                                1. Executioner Caspases
                                            3. Changes in Cell Shape and Motility
                                              1. Cytoskeletal Rearrangement
                                                1. Actin Dynamics
                                                  1. Microtubule Reorganization
                                                  2. Rho Family GTPases in Cell Migration
                                                    1. Regulation of Cell Adhesion

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                                                  8. Regulation and Integration of Cellular Signals

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                                                  10. Signaling in Health and Disease