Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction

  1. G-Protein Coupled Receptor Pathways
    1. Structure of GPCRs
      1. Seven-Transmembrane Domain Topology
        1. Extracellular Loops
          1. Intracellular Loops
            1. Ligand Binding Sites
            2. Heterotrimeric G-Proteins
              1. Subunit Composition
                1. Alpha Subunit
                  1. Beta Subunit
                    1. Gamma Subunit
                    2. G-Protein Cycle
                      1. GDP/GTP Exchange
                        1. Activation by GPCRs
                          1. GTP Hydrolysis and Inactivation
                            1. Reassociation of Subunits
                            2. Classes of Gα Subunits
                              1. Gs Subunits
                                1. Activation of Adenylyl Cyclase
                                2. Gi Subunits
                                  1. Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase
                                  2. Gq Subunits
                                    1. Activation of Phospholipase C-β
                                    2. G12/13 Subunits
                                      1. Regulation of Rho GTPases
                                  3. GPCR Effector Systems and Second Messengers
                                    1. Adenylyl Cyclase - cAMP System
                                      1. Structure of Adenylyl Cyclase
                                        1. Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase
                                          1. Synthesis of cAMP
                                            1. Degradation of cAMP
                                              1. Role of cAMP as Second Messenger
                                                1. Activation of Protein Kinase A
                                                  1. Regulation of Gene Expression via CREB
                                                  2. Phospholipase C - IP3/DAG System
                                                    1. Activation of Phospholipase C-β
                                                      1. Generation of Inositol Trisphosphate
                                                        1. Release of Calcium from Endoplasmic Reticulum
                                                          1. Generation of Diacylglycerol
                                                            1. Activation of Protein Kinase C
                                                              1. Calcium as Second Messenger
                                                              2. Other GPCR Effector Pathways
                                                                1. Regulation of Ion Channels
                                                                  1. Modulation of Phosphodiesterases

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                                                              3. Cellular Receptors

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                                                              5. Enzyme-Linked Receptor Pathways