Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction

5.

Enzyme-Linked Receptor Pathways

5.1.

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

5.1.1.

Structure and Ligand Binding

5.1.1.1.

Extracellular Ligand-Binding Domain

5.1.1.2.

Single Transmembrane Helix

5.1.1.3.

Intracellular Tyrosine Kinase Domain

5.1.2.

Dimerization and Autophosphorylation

5.1.2.1.

Ligand-Induced Dimerization

5.1.2.2.

Trans-Autophosphorylation of Tyrosine Residues

5.1.3.

Recruitment of Intracellular Signaling Proteins

5.1.3.1.

SH2 Domain-Containing Proteins

5.1.3.2.

PTB Domain-Containing Proteins

5.1.3.3.

Adapter Proteins

5.1.4.

Key RTK Signaling Pathways

5.1.4.1.

Ras-MAP Kinase Pathway

5.1.4.1.1.

Ras Superfamily of Small GTPases

5.1.4.1.2.

Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors

5.1.4.1.3.

GTPase-Activating Proteins

5.1.4.1.4.

MAP Kinase Cascade

5.1.4.1.4.1.

5.1.4.1.4.2.

5.1.4.1.4.3.

5.1.4.1.5.

Regulation of Cell Proliferation

5.1.4.1.6.

Regulation of Cell Differentiation

5.1.4.2.

PI 3-Kinase - Akt Pathway

5.1.4.2.1.

Activation of PI 3-Kinase

5.1.4.2.2.

Generation of PIP2

5.1.4.2.3.

Generation of PIP3

5.1.4.2.4.

Recruitment of Akt

5.1.4.2.5.

Activation of Akt

5.1.4.2.6.

Downstream Targets of Akt

5.1.4.2.7.

mTOR Signaling Pathway

5.1.4.2.8.

Regulation of Cell Survival

5.1.4.2.9.

Regulation of Cell Growth

5.2.

Tyrosine-Kinase-Associated Receptors

5.2.1.

Structure of Cytokine Receptors

5.2.2.

Association with Janus Kinases

5.2.3.

JAK-STAT Pathway

5.2.3.1.

Ligand-Induced Receptor Dimerization

5.2.3.2.

5.2.3.3.

Tyrosine Phosphorylation

5.2.3.4.

Recruitment of STATs

5.2.3.5.

Phosphorylation of STATs

5.2.3.6.

Dimerization of STATs

5.2.3.7.

Nuclear Translocation of STATs

5.2.3.8.

Regulation of Immune Responses

5.2.3.9.

Regulation of Hematopoietic Responses

5.3.

Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases

5.3.1.

Structure and Ligand Binding

5.3.2.

TGF-β Superfamily

5.3.2.1.

5.3.2.2.

Type I Receptor Complex Formation

5.3.2.3.

Type II Receptor Complex Formation

5.3.2.4.

Phosphorylation of Smad Proteins

5.3.2.5.

Smad Complex Formation

5.3.2.6.

Nuclear Translocation of Smads

5.3.2.7.

Regulation of Cell Growth

5.3.2.8.

Regulation of Cell Differentiation

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4. G-Protein Coupled Receptor Pathways

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6. Other Major Signaling Pathways