Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction

  1. Intracellular Signaling Components and Mechanisms
    1. Second Messengers
      1. Cyclic AMP
        1. Synthesis
          1. Degradation
            1. Targets and Effects
            2. Cyclic GMP
              1. Synthesis by Guanylyl Cyclases
                1. Role in Vasodilation
                  1. Role in Vision
                  2. Diacylglycerol
                    1. Generation from PIP2
                      1. Activation of PKC
                      2. Inositol Trisphosphate
                        1. Release of Intracellular Ca2+
                        2. Calcium Ions
                          1. Sources and Regulation
                            1. Calcium-Binding Proteins
                              1. Calmodulin
                              2. Nitric Oxide
                                1. Synthesis by Nitric Oxide Synthase
                                  1. Diffusion
                                    1. Target Enzymes
                                  2. Protein Kinases and Phosphatases
                                    1. Serine/Threonine Kinases
                                      1. PKA
                                        1. PKC
                                          1. CaMK
                                            1. MAPKs
                                            2. Tyrosine Kinases
                                              1. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
                                                1. Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinases
                                                2. Protein Phosphatases
                                                  1. Serine/Threonine Phosphatases
                                                    1. Tyrosine Phosphatases
                                                    2. Role of Phosphorylation Cascades
                                                      1. Signal Amplification
                                                        1. Temporal Control of Signaling
                                                      2. Small GTPases
                                                        1. Ras Superfamily
                                                          1. Ras Proteins
                                                            1. Rho Family
                                                              1. Rho
                                                                1. Rac
                                                                  1. Cdc42
                                                                  2. Rab Family
                                                                    1. Ran Family
                                                                      1. Arf Family
                                                                      2. Regulation by GEFs
                                                                        1. Regulation by GAPs
                                                                          1. Roles in Cell Growth
                                                                            1. Roles in Cytoskeleton
                                                                              1. Roles in Vesicle Trafficking
                                                                              2. Adapter and Scaffolding Proteins
                                                                                1. Function in Assembling Signaling Complexes
                                                                                  1. SH2 Domain-Containing Adapters
                                                                                    1. SH3 Domain-Containing Proteins
                                                                                      1. PTB Domain-Containing Proteins
                                                                                        1. Scaffolding Proteins in MAPK Pathways