Biomedical Science

8.

Biomedical Laboratory Disciplines

8.1.

Clinical Chemistry

8.1.1.

Principles of Clinical Chemistry

8.1.1.1.

Laboratory Organization

8.1.1.2.

Quality Control and Assurance

8.1.1.3.

Reference Intervals

8.1.1.4.

Analytical Methods

8.1.2.

Specimen Collection and Handling

8.1.2.1.

Pre-analytical Variables

8.1.2.2.

Collection Procedures

8.1.2.3.

Specimen Processing

8.1.2.4.

Storage and Transport

8.1.3.

Analytical Techniques

8.1.3.1.

Spectrophotometry

8.1.3.2.

Electrochemistry

8.1.3.3.

8.1.3.4.

8.1.3.5.

Enzymatic Methods

8.1.4.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

8.1.4.1.

Glucose Metabolism

8.1.4.2.

Diabetes Mellitus

8.1.4.3.

8.1.4.4.

Glucose Tolerance Testing

8.1.5.

Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism

8.1.5.1.

Lipid Structure and Function

8.1.5.2.

Lipoprotein Classification

8.1.5.3.

Atherosclerosis Risk Assessment

8.1.5.4.

Lipid Disorders

8.1.6.

Protein Metabolism

8.1.6.1.

Plasma Proteins

8.1.6.2.

Protein Electrophoresis

8.1.6.3.

Immunoglobulins

8.1.6.4.

Acute Phase Proteins

8.1.7.

8.1.7.1.

Enzyme Kinetics

8.1.7.2.

Clinical Enzymology

8.1.7.3.

Cardiac Markers

8.1.7.4.

Liver Function Tests

8.1.7.5.

8.1.8.

Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance

8.1.8.1.

Sodium and Water Balance

8.1.8.2.

Potassium Homeostasis

8.1.8.3.

Chloride and Bicarbonate

8.1.8.4.

Acid-Base Disorders

8.1.9.

Kidney Function

8.1.9.1.

Glomerular Filtration

8.1.9.2.

Tubular Function

8.1.9.3.

8.1.9.4.

Kidney Disease Markers

8.1.10.

8.1.10.1.

Bilirubin Metabolism

8.1.10.2.

8.1.10.3.

Synthetic Function Tests

8.1.10.4.

Liver Disease Patterns

8.1.11.

8.1.11.1.

Thyroid Function Tests

8.1.11.2.

Adrenal Function Tests

8.1.11.3.

Reproductive Hormones

8.1.11.4.

8.1.11.5.

Diabetes Monitoring

8.2.

Hematology and Transfusion Science

8.2.1.

8.2.1.1.

Stem Cell Biology

8.2.1.2.

Hematopoietic Growth Factors

8.2.1.3.

Bone Marrow Examination

8.2.2.

Red Blood Cell Disorders

8.2.2.1.

Anemia Classification

8.2.2.2.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

8.2.2.3.

Megaloblastic Anemia

8.2.2.4.

Hemolytic Anemias

8.2.2.5.

Hemoglobinopathies

8.2.2.5.1.

Sickle Cell Disease

8.2.2.5.2.

8.2.3.

White Blood Cell Disorders

8.2.3.1.

Leukocytosis and Leukopenia

8.2.3.2.

Acute Leukemias

8.2.3.2.1.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

8.2.3.2.2.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

8.2.3.3.

Chronic Leukemias

8.2.3.3.1.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

8.2.3.3.2.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

8.2.3.4.

8.2.3.4.1.

Hodgkin Lymphoma

8.2.3.4.2.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas

8.2.3.5.

Plasma Cell Disorders

8.2.4.

Hemostasis and Coagulation

8.2.4.1.

Primary Hemostasis

8.2.4.1.1.

Platelet Function

8.2.4.1.2.

von Willebrand Factor

8.2.4.2.

Secondary Hemostasis

8.2.4.2.1.

Coagulation Cascade

8.2.4.2.2.

Coagulation Factors

8.2.4.3.

8.2.4.4.

Coagulation Testing

8.2.4.4.1.

8.2.4.4.2.

8.2.4.4.3.

8.2.4.4.4.

8.2.4.5.

Bleeding Disorders

8.2.4.5.1.

Platelet Disorders

8.2.4.5.2.

Coagulation Factor Deficiencies

8.2.4.5.3.

von Willebrand Disease

8.2.4.6.

Thrombotic Disorders

8.2.4.6.1.

Inherited Thrombophilias

8.2.4.6.2.

Acquired Thrombophilias

8.2.5.

Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine

8.2.5.1.

Blood Group Systems

8.2.5.1.1.

8.2.5.1.2.

8.2.5.1.3.

Other Blood Group Systems

8.2.5.2.

Compatibility Testing

8.2.5.2.1.

8.2.5.2.2.

Antibody Screening

8.2.5.2.3.

Antibody Identification

8.2.5.3.

Blood Components

8.2.5.3.1.

Red Blood Cells

8.2.5.3.2.

8.2.5.3.3.

8.2.5.3.4.

Cryoprecipitate

8.2.5.4.

Transfusion Reactions

8.2.5.4.1.

Acute Reactions

8.2.5.4.2.

Delayed Reactions

8.2.5.4.3.

Prevention and Management

8.2.5.5.

Special Transfusion Situations

8.2.5.5.1.

Massive Transfusion

8.2.5.5.2.

Neonatal Transfusion

8.2.5.5.3.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

8.3.

Histopathology and Cytology

8.3.1.

Tissue Processing

8.3.1.1.

8.3.1.1.1.

Types of Fixatives

8.3.1.1.2.

Fixation Artifacts

8.3.1.2.

Dehydration and Clearing

8.3.1.3.

8.3.1.3.1.

Paraffin Embedding

8.3.1.3.2.

Frozen Sections

8.3.1.4.

8.3.1.4.1.

Microtomy Techniques

8.3.1.4.2.

Section Thickness

8.3.2.

Staining Techniques

8.3.2.1.

8.3.2.1.1.

Hematoxylin and Eosin

8.3.2.1.2.

Periodic Acid-Schiff

8.3.2.1.3.

Masson's Trichrome

8.3.2.2.

8.3.2.2.1.

Connective Tissue Stains

8.3.2.2.2.

Carbohydrate Stains

8.3.2.2.3.

8.3.2.2.4.

Microorganism Stains

8.3.3.

Immunohistochemistry

8.3.3.1.

Principles of Immunohistochemistry

8.3.3.2.

Antibody Selection

8.3.3.3.

Detection Systems

8.3.3.3.1.

Enzyme-Based Detection

8.3.3.3.2.

Fluorescence Detection

8.3.3.4.

Controls and Validation

8.3.3.5.

8.3.3.5.1.

Tumor Diagnosis

8.3.3.5.2.

Prognostic Markers

8.3.3.5.3.

Infectious Disease Diagnosis

8.3.4.

Molecular Pathology

8.3.4.1.

In Situ Hybridization

8.3.4.2.

PCR-Based Methods

8.3.4.3.

Next-Generation Sequencing

8.3.4.4.

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

8.3.5.

8.3.5.1.

Cytological Techniques

8.3.5.1.1.

Fine Needle Aspiration

8.3.5.1.2.

Exfoliative Cytology

8.3.5.1.3.

Liquid-Based Cytology

8.3.5.2.

Gynecological Cytology

8.3.5.2.1.

Cervical Screening

8.3.5.2.2.

Bethesda System

8.3.5.3.

Non-Gynecological Cytology

8.3.5.3.1.

Respiratory Cytology

8.3.5.3.2.

Urinary Cytology

8.3.5.3.3.

Body Fluid Cytology

8.3.6.

Digital Pathology

8.3.6.1.

Whole Slide Imaging

8.3.6.2.

8.3.6.3.

Artificial Intelligence Applications

8.4.

Diagnostic Molecular Biology

8.4.1.

Nucleic Acid Extraction

8.4.1.1.

DNA Extraction Methods

8.4.1.1.1.

Phenol-Chloroform Extraction

8.4.1.1.2.

Column-Based Extraction

8.4.1.1.3.

Magnetic Bead Extraction

8.4.1.2.

RNA Extraction Methods

8.4.1.2.1.

Total RNA Extraction

8.4.1.2.2.

mRNA Purification

8.4.1.2.3.

Quality Assessment

8.4.1.3.

8.4.1.3.1.

8.4.1.3.2.

Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue

8.4.1.3.3.

Blood and Body Fluids

8.4.2.

PCR-Based Diagnostics

8.4.2.1.

Conventional PCR

8.4.2.2.

8.4.2.2.1.

Probe-Based Detection

8.4.2.2.2.

Dye-Based Detection

8.4.2.2.3.

Quantification Methods

8.4.2.3.

Reverse Transcription PCR

8.4.2.4.

8.4.2.5.

8.4.3.

Sequencing Applications

8.4.3.1.

Sanger Sequencing

8.4.3.1.1.

Mutation Detection

8.4.3.1.2.

Sequence Confirmation

8.4.3.2.

Next-Generation Sequencing

8.4.3.2.1.

Targeted Gene Panels

8.4.3.2.2.

Whole Exome Sequencing

8.4.3.2.3.

Whole Genome Sequencing

8.4.3.2.4.

8.4.4.

Genetic Testing

8.4.4.1.

Single Gene Disorders

8.4.4.2.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

8.4.4.3.

Pharmacogenomics

8.4.4.4.

Cancer Genetics

8.4.4.4.1.

Somatic Mutations

8.4.4.4.2.

Germline Mutations

8.4.4.4.3.

Tumor Profiling

8.4.5.

Infectious Disease Diagnostics

8.4.5.1.

Viral Detection

8.4.5.2.

Bacterial Identification

8.4.5.3.

Fungal Detection

8.4.5.4.

Parasitic Detection

8.4.5.5.

Antimicrobial Resistance Testing

8.4.6.

Quality Control in Molecular Diagnostics

8.4.6.1.

Internal Controls

8.4.6.2.

External Quality Assessment

8.4.6.3.

Contamination Prevention

8.4.6.4.

Result Interpretation

8.5.

Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation

8.5.1.

8.5.1.1.

Principles of Spectroscopy

8.5.1.2.

UV-Visible Spectroscopy

8.5.1.2.1.

Beer-Lambert Law

8.5.1.2.2.

Applications in Clinical Chemistry

8.5.1.3.

Fluorescence Spectroscopy

8.5.1.3.1.

Fluorescence Principles

8.5.1.3.2.

Fluorescence Polarization

8.5.1.3.3.

Time-Resolved Fluorescence

8.5.1.4.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

8.5.1.4.1.

Flame Atomization

8.5.1.4.2.

Graphite Furnace

8.5.1.5.

Mass Spectrometry

8.5.1.5.1.

Ionization Methods

8.5.1.5.2.

8.5.1.5.3.

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

8.5.1.5.4.

LC-MS/MS Applications

8.5.2.

8.5.2.1.

Principles of Chromatography

8.5.2.2.

Gas Chromatography

8.5.2.2.1.

GC Instrumentation

8.5.2.2.2.

8.5.2.3.

Liquid Chromatography

8.5.2.3.1.

8.5.2.3.2.

8.5.2.3.3.

8.5.2.3.4.

Detection Methods

8.5.2.4.

Thin Layer Chromatography

8.5.2.5.

Ion Exchange Chromatography

8.5.3.

Electrophoresis

8.5.3.1.

Principles of Electrophoresis

8.5.3.2.

Gel Electrophoresis

8.5.3.2.1.

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

8.5.3.2.2.

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

8.5.3.2.3.

Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis

8.5.3.3.

Capillary Electrophoresis

8.5.3.3.1.

CE Instrumentation

8.5.3.3.2.

CE Applications

8.5.3.4.

Protein Electrophoresis

8.5.3.4.1.

Serum Protein Electrophoresis

8.5.3.4.2.

Immunoelectrophoresis

8.5.3.4.3.

Isoelectric Focusing

8.5.4.

8.5.4.1.

Principles of Flow Cytometry

8.5.4.2.

Instrumentation

8.5.4.2.1.

Fluidics System

8.5.4.2.2.

8.5.4.2.3.

Electronics System

8.5.4.3.

8.5.4.3.1.

8.5.4.3.2.

Immunophenotyping

8.5.4.3.3.

Cell Cycle Analysis

8.5.4.3.4.

Apoptosis Detection

8.5.5.

8.5.5.1.

Light Microscopy

8.5.5.1.1.

Bright Field Microscopy

8.5.5.1.2.

Phase Contrast Microscopy

8.5.5.1.3.

Differential Interference Contrast

8.5.5.2.

Fluorescence Microscopy

8.5.5.2.1.

Fluorescence Principles

8.5.5.2.2.

Confocal Microscopy

8.5.5.2.3.

Super-Resolution Microscopy

8.5.5.3.

Electron Microscopy

8.5.5.3.1.

Transmission Electron Microscopy

8.5.5.3.2.

Scanning Electron Microscopy

8.5.5.3.3.

Sample Preparation

8.5.6.

Automated Analyzers

8.5.6.1.

Clinical Chemistry Analyzers

8.5.6.2.

Hematology Analyzers

8.5.6.3.

Immunoassay Analyzers

8.5.6.4.

Molecular Diagnostic Platforms

8.5.7.

Laboratory Information Systems

8.5.7.1.

LIMS Functionality

8.5.7.2.

Data Management

8.5.7.3.

Quality Control Integration

8.5.7.4.

Regulatory Compliance

Previous

7. Pharmacology and Toxicology

Go to top

Next

9. Integrative and Applied Biomedical Science