Biomedical Science

  1. Biomedical Laboratory Disciplines
    1. Clinical Chemistry
      1. Principles of Clinical Chemistry
        1. Laboratory Organization
          1. Quality Control and Assurance
            1. Reference Intervals
              1. Analytical Methods
              2. Specimen Collection and Handling
                1. Pre-analytical Variables
                  1. Collection Procedures
                    1. Specimen Processing
                      1. Storage and Transport
                      2. Analytical Techniques
                        1. Spectrophotometry
                          1. Electrochemistry
                            1. Chromatography
                              1. Immunoassays
                                1. Enzymatic Methods
                                2. Carbohydrate Metabolism
                                  1. Glucose Metabolism
                                    1. Diabetes Mellitus
                                      1. Hypoglycemia
                                        1. Glucose Tolerance Testing
                                        2. Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism
                                          1. Lipid Structure and Function
                                            1. Lipoprotein Classification
                                              1. Atherosclerosis Risk Assessment
                                                1. Lipid Disorders
                                                2. Protein Metabolism
                                                  1. Plasma Proteins
                                                    1. Protein Electrophoresis
                                                      1. Immunoglobulins
                                                        1. Acute Phase Proteins
                                                        2. Enzymology
                                                          1. Enzyme Kinetics
                                                            1. Clinical Enzymology
                                                              1. Cardiac Markers
                                                                1. Liver Function Tests
                                                                  1. Muscle Enzymes
                                                                  2. Electrolytes and Acid-Base Balance
                                                                    1. Sodium and Water Balance
                                                                      1. Potassium Homeostasis
                                                                        1. Chloride and Bicarbonate
                                                                          1. Acid-Base Disorders
                                                                          2. Kidney Function
                                                                            1. Glomerular Filtration
                                                                              1. Tubular Function
                                                                                1. Urinalysis
                                                                                  1. Kidney Disease Markers
                                                                                  2. Liver Function
                                                                                    1. Bilirubin Metabolism
                                                                                      1. Liver Enzymes
                                                                                        1. Synthetic Function Tests
                                                                                          1. Liver Disease Patterns
                                                                                          2. Endocrinology
                                                                                            1. Thyroid Function Tests
                                                                                              1. Adrenal Function Tests
                                                                                                1. Reproductive Hormones
                                                                                                  1. Growth Hormone
                                                                                                    1. Diabetes Monitoring
                                                                                                  2. Hematology and Transfusion Science
                                                                                                    1. Hematopoiesis
                                                                                                      1. Stem Cell Biology
                                                                                                        1. Hematopoietic Growth Factors
                                                                                                          1. Bone Marrow Examination
                                                                                                          2. Red Blood Cell Disorders
                                                                                                            1. Anemia Classification
                                                                                                              1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
                                                                                                                1. Megaloblastic Anemia
                                                                                                                  1. Hemolytic Anemias
                                                                                                                    1. Hemoglobinopathies
                                                                                                                      1. Sickle Cell Disease
                                                                                                                        1. Thalassemias
                                                                                                                      2. White Blood Cell Disorders
                                                                                                                        1. Leukocytosis and Leukopenia
                                                                                                                          1. Acute Leukemias
                                                                                                                            1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
                                                                                                                              1. Acute Myeloid Leukemia
                                                                                                                              2. Chronic Leukemias
                                                                                                                                1. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
                                                                                                                                  1. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
                                                                                                                                  2. Lymphomas
                                                                                                                                    1. Hodgkin Lymphoma
                                                                                                                                      1. Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
                                                                                                                                      2. Plasma Cell Disorders
                                                                                                                                      3. Hemostasis and Coagulation
                                                                                                                                        1. Primary Hemostasis
                                                                                                                                          1. Platelet Function
                                                                                                                                            1. von Willebrand Factor
                                                                                                                                            2. Secondary Hemostasis
                                                                                                                                              1. Coagulation Cascade
                                                                                                                                                1. Coagulation Factors
                                                                                                                                                2. Fibrinolysis
                                                                                                                                                  1. Coagulation Testing
                                                                                                                                                    1. PT/INR
                                                                                                                                                      1. aPTT
                                                                                                                                                        1. Thrombin Time
                                                                                                                                                          1. D-Dimer
                                                                                                                                                          2. Bleeding Disorders
                                                                                                                                                            1. Platelet Disorders
                                                                                                                                                              1. Coagulation Factor Deficiencies
                                                                                                                                                                1. von Willebrand Disease
                                                                                                                                                                2. Thrombotic Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inherited Thrombophilias
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Acquired Thrombophilias
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Blood Banking and Transfusion Medicine
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Blood Group Systems
                                                                                                                                                                      1. ABO System
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rh System
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Other Blood Group Systems
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Compatibility Testing
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Crossmatching
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Antibody Screening
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Antibody Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Blood Components
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Red Blood Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Platelets
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Plasma
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cryoprecipitate
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Transfusion Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Acute Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Delayed Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Prevention and Management
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Special Transfusion Situations
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Massive Transfusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Neonatal Transfusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Histopathology and Cytology
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tissue Processing
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fixation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Types of Fixatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fixation Artifacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Dehydration and Clearing
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Paraffin Embedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Frozen Sections
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Sectioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Microtomy Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Section Thickness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Staining Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Routine Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hematoxylin and Eosin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Periodic Acid-Schiff
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Masson's Trichrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Special Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Connective Tissue Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Carbohydrate Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lipid Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Microorganism Stains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Immunohistochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Principles of Immunohistochemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Antibody Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Detection Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Enzyme-Based Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fluorescence Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Controls and Validation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tumor Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Prognostic Markers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Infectious Disease Diagnosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Molecular Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. In Situ Hybridization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. PCR-Based Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Next-Generation Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Cytopathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cytological Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fine Needle Aspiration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Exfoliative Cytology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Liquid-Based Cytology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Gynecological Cytology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cervical Screening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Bethesda System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Non-Gynecological Cytology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Respiratory Cytology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Urinary Cytology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Body Fluid Cytology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Digital Pathology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Whole Slide Imaging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Image Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Artificial Intelligence Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Diagnostic Molecular Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nucleic Acid Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. DNA Extraction Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phenol-Chloroform Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Column-Based Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Magnetic Bead Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. RNA Extraction Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Total RNA Extraction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. mRNA Purification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Quality Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sample Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fresh Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Blood and Body Fluids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. PCR-Based Diagnostics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Conventional PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Real-Time PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Probe-Based Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dye-Based Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Quantification Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Reverse Transcription PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Multiplex PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Digital PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Sequencing Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sanger Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mutation Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sequence Confirmation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Next-Generation Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Targeted Gene Panels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Whole Exome Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Whole Genome Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. RNA Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Genetic Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Single Gene Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chromosomal Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pharmacogenomics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cancer Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Somatic Mutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Germline Mutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tumor Profiling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Infectious Disease Diagnostics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Viral Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bacterial Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fungal Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Parasitic Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Antimicrobial Resistance Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Quality Control in Molecular Diagnostics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Internal Controls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. External Quality Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Contamination Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Result Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Analytical Techniques and Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Principles of Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. UV-Visible Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Beer-Lambert Law
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Applications in Clinical Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fluorescence Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fluorescence Polarization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Time-Resolved Fluorescence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flame Atomization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Graphite Furnace
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ionization Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mass Analyzers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tandem Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. LC-MS/MS Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Principles of Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gas Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. GC Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Detectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Liquid Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. HPLC Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Column Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mobile Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Thin Layer Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ion Exchange Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Principles of Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gel Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Capillary Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. CE Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. CE Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Protein Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Serum Protein Electrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Immunoelectrophoresis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Isoelectric Focusing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Flow Cytometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Principles of Flow Cytometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Instrumentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fluidics System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Optical System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Electronics System
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Counting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Immunophenotyping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Cycle Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Apoptosis Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Light Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bright Field Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Phase Contrast Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Differential Interference Contrast
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Fluorescence Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fluorescence Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Confocal Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Super-Resolution Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Transmission Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Scanning Electron Microscopy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sample Preparation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Automated Analyzers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Chemistry Analyzers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hematology Analyzers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immunoassay Analyzers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Molecular Diagnostic Platforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Laboratory Information Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. LIMS Functionality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Data Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Quality Control Integration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Regulatory Compliance

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7. Pharmacology and Toxicology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                9. Integrative and Applied Biomedical Science