Biomedical Science

6.

6.1.

Overview of the Immune System

6.1.1.

Functions of the Immune System

6.1.2.

Types of Immunity

6.1.2.1.

Innate Immunity

6.1.2.2.

Adaptive Immunity

6.1.3.

Immune System Organization

6.2.

Components of the Immune System

6.2.1.

Immune System Cells

6.2.1.1.

6.2.1.1.1.

6.2.1.1.1.1.

B Cell Development

6.2.1.1.1.2.

6.2.1.1.1.3.

B Cell Functions

6.2.1.1.2.

6.2.1.1.2.1.

T Cell Development

6.2.1.1.2.2.

6.2.1.1.2.3.

6.2.1.1.2.4.

Regulatory T Cells

6.2.1.1.3.

Natural Killer Cells

6.2.1.1.3.1.

NK Cell Recognition

6.2.1.1.3.2.

NK Cell Functions

6.2.1.2.

Antigen-Presenting Cells

6.2.1.2.1.

Dendritic Cells

6.2.1.2.1.1.

Dendritic Cell Subsets

6.2.1.2.1.2.

Antigen Presentation

6.2.1.2.2.

6.2.1.2.2.1.

Macrophage Activation

6.2.1.2.2.2.

Macrophage Functions

6.2.1.2.3.

B Cells as APCs

6.2.1.3.

6.2.1.3.1.

6.2.1.3.2.

6.2.1.3.3.

6.2.1.3.4.

6.2.2.

Lymphoid Organs and Tissues

6.2.2.1.

Primary Lymphoid Organs

6.2.2.1.1.

6.2.2.1.1.1.

6.2.2.1.1.2.

B Cell Development

6.2.2.1.2.

6.2.2.1.2.1.

T Cell Development

6.2.2.1.2.2.

Positive and Negative Selection

6.2.2.2.

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

6.2.2.2.1.

6.2.2.2.1.1.

Lymph Node Structure

6.2.2.2.1.2.

Immune Responses in Lymph Nodes

6.2.2.2.2.

6.2.2.2.2.1.

Splenic Structure

6.2.2.2.2.2.

Immune Functions of Spleen

6.2.2.2.3.

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

6.2.2.2.3.1.

Peyer's Patches

6.2.2.2.3.2.

6.2.2.2.3.3.

6.3.

Innate Immunity

6.3.1.

Physical and Chemical Barriers

6.3.1.1.

6.3.1.1.1.

Barrier Function

6.3.1.1.2.

Antimicrobial Peptides

6.3.1.2.

Mucous Membranes

6.3.1.2.1.

Mucociliary Clearance

6.3.1.2.2.

6.3.1.3.

Chemical Barriers

6.3.1.3.1.

6.3.1.3.2.

6.3.1.3.3.

Antimicrobial Substances

6.3.2.

Cellular Components

6.3.2.1.

6.3.2.1.1.

6.3.2.1.1.1.

Neutrophil Recruitment

6.3.2.1.1.2.

Phagocytosis Mechanism

6.3.2.1.1.3.

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

6.3.2.1.2.

6.3.2.1.2.1.

Tissue Macrophages

6.3.2.1.2.2.

Macrophage Polarization

6.3.2.1.2.3.

Phagocytosis and Killing

6.3.2.1.3.

Dendritic Cells

6.3.2.1.3.1.

Antigen Capture

6.3.2.1.3.2.

Migration to Lymph Nodes

6.3.2.2.

Natural Killer Cells

6.3.2.2.1.

Target Recognition

6.3.2.2.2.

Cytotoxic Mechanisms

6.3.2.2.3.

Cytokine Production

6.3.3.

Molecular Components

6.3.3.1.

Pattern Recognition Receptors

6.3.3.1.1.

Toll-like Receptors

6.3.3.1.2.

NOD-like Receptors

6.3.3.1.3.

RIG-I-like Receptors

6.3.3.1.4.

C-type Lectin Receptors

6.3.3.2.

Complement System

6.3.3.2.1.

Classical Pathway

6.3.3.2.2.

Alternative Pathway

6.3.3.2.3.

6.3.3.2.4.

Complement Functions

6.3.3.2.4.1.

6.3.3.2.4.2.

Membrane Attack Complex

6.3.3.2.4.3.

6.3.3.3.

Cytokines and Chemokines

6.3.3.3.1.

Pro-inflammatory Cytokines

6.3.3.3.2.

Anti-inflammatory Cytokines

6.3.3.3.3.

6.3.4.

Inflammatory Response

6.3.4.1.

Acute Inflammation

6.3.4.2.

Chronic Inflammation

6.3.4.3.

Resolution of Inflammation

6.4.

Adaptive Immunity

6.4.1.

Antigens and Antigen Recognition

6.4.1.1.

Antigen Structure

6.4.1.1.1.

6.4.1.1.2.

6.4.1.1.3.

6.4.1.2.

Antigen Processing and Presentation

6.4.1.2.1.

MHC Class I Pathway

6.4.1.2.2.

MHC Class II Pathway

6.4.1.2.3.

Cross-Presentation

6.4.2.

Major Histocompatibility Complex

6.4.2.1.

MHC Class I Molecules

6.4.2.1.1.

Structure and Function

6.4.2.1.2.

Peptide Binding

6.4.2.1.3.

Expression Pattern

6.4.2.2.

MHC Class II Molecules

6.4.2.2.1.

Structure and Function

6.4.2.2.2.

Peptide Binding

6.4.2.2.3.

Expression Pattern

6.4.2.3.

MHC Polymorphism

6.4.2.4.

HLA and Disease Association

6.4.3.

T Cell-Mediated Immunity

6.4.3.1.

T Cell Development

6.4.3.1.1.

Positive Selection

6.4.3.1.2.

Negative Selection

6.4.3.1.3.

T Cell Receptor Rearrangement

6.4.3.2.

T Cell Activation

6.4.3.2.1.

Signal 1: TCR Recognition

6.4.3.2.2.

Signal 2: Costimulation

6.4.3.2.3.

Signal 3: Cytokines

6.4.3.3.

CD4+ T Helper Cells

6.4.3.3.1.

6.4.3.3.1.1.

Development and Function

6.4.3.3.1.2.

Cytokine Production

6.4.3.3.2.

6.4.3.3.2.1.

Development and Function

6.4.3.3.2.2.

Cytokine Production

6.4.3.3.3.

6.4.3.3.3.1.

Development and Function

6.4.3.3.3.2.

Role in Autoimmunity

6.4.3.3.4.

Regulatory T Cells

6.4.3.3.4.1.

6.4.3.3.4.2.

6.4.3.3.4.3.

Suppressive Mechanisms

6.4.3.3.5.

Follicular Helper T Cells

6.4.3.4.

CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

6.4.3.4.1.

CTL Development

6.4.3.4.2.

Target Recognition

6.4.3.4.3.

Cytotoxic Mechanisms

6.4.3.4.3.1.

Perforin-Granzyme Pathway

6.4.3.4.3.2.

Fas-FasL Pathway

6.4.3.4.4.

Memory CTL Formation

6.4.4.

B Cell-Mediated Immunity

6.4.4.1.

B Cell Development

6.4.4.1.1.

Pro-B Cell Stage

6.4.4.1.2.

Pre-B Cell Stage

6.4.4.1.3.

Immature B Cell Stage

6.4.4.1.4.

Mature B Cell Stage

6.4.4.2.

B Cell Activation

6.4.4.2.1.

T-Dependent Activation

6.4.4.2.2.

T-Independent Activation

6.4.4.2.3.

Germinal Center Reaction

6.4.4.3.

Antibody Structure and Function

6.4.4.3.1.

Antibody Structure

6.4.4.3.1.1.

Heavy and Light Chains

6.4.4.3.1.2.

Variable and Constant Regions

6.4.4.3.1.3.

Antigen-Binding Sites

6.4.4.3.2.

Antibody Classes

6.4.4.3.2.1.

6.4.4.3.2.1.1.

Structure and Subclasses

6.4.4.3.2.1.2.

6.4.4.3.2.1.3.

6.4.4.3.2.2.

6.4.4.3.2.2.1.

6.4.4.3.2.2.2.

6.4.4.3.2.2.3.

Primary Immune Response

6.4.4.3.2.3.

6.4.4.3.2.3.1.

Structure and Subclasses

6.4.4.3.2.3.2.

6.4.4.3.2.3.3.

Mucosal Immunity

6.4.4.3.2.4.

6.4.4.3.2.4.1.

6.4.4.3.2.4.2.

Role in Allergic Reactions

6.4.4.3.2.4.3.

Parasitic Infections

6.4.4.3.2.5.

6.4.4.3.2.5.1.

6.4.4.3.2.5.2.

B Cell Receptor

6.4.4.3.3.

Antibody Functions

6.4.4.3.3.1.

6.4.4.3.3.2.

6.4.4.3.3.3.

Complement Activation

6.4.4.3.3.4.

Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity

6.4.4.4.

Immunological Memory

6.4.4.4.1.

6.4.4.4.2.

6.4.4.4.3.

Secondary Immune Response

6.4.4.4.4.

Affinity Maturation

6.5.

Clinical Immunology

6.5.1.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

6.5.1.1.

Type I Hypersensitivity

6.5.1.1.1.

IgE-Mediated Reactions

6.5.1.1.2.

Mast Cell Degranulation

6.5.1.1.3.

6.5.1.1.4.

Allergic Asthma

6.5.1.1.5.

Atopic Dermatitis

6.5.1.2.

Type II Hypersensitivity

6.5.1.2.1.

Antibody-Mediated Cytotoxicity

6.5.1.2.2.

Complement-Mediated Lysis

6.5.1.2.3.

Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

6.5.1.2.4.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

6.5.1.3.

Type III Hypersensitivity

6.5.1.3.1.

Immune Complex Disease

6.5.1.3.2.

6.5.1.3.3.

Arthus Reaction

6.5.1.3.4.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

6.5.1.4.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

6.5.1.4.1.

T Cell-Mediated Reactions

6.5.1.4.2.

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity

6.5.1.4.3.

Contact Dermatitis

6.5.1.4.4.

Tuberculin Test

6.5.2.

Autoimmune Diseases

6.5.2.1.

Mechanisms of Autoimmunity

6.5.2.1.1.

Loss of Self-Tolerance

6.5.2.1.2.

Molecular Mimicry

6.5.2.1.3.

Epitope Spreading

6.5.2.1.4.

Bystander Activation

6.5.2.2.

Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases

6.5.2.2.1.

Type 1 Diabetes

6.5.2.2.2.

Multiple Sclerosis

6.5.2.2.3.

Myasthenia Gravis

6.5.2.2.4.

Graves' Disease

6.5.2.2.5.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

6.5.2.3.

Systemic Autoimmune Diseases

6.5.2.3.1.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

6.5.2.3.2.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

6.5.2.3.3.

Sjögren's Syndrome

6.5.2.3.4.

Systemic Sclerosis

6.5.3.

Immunodeficiency Disorders

6.5.3.1.

Primary Immunodeficiencies

6.5.3.1.1.

B Cell Deficiencies

6.5.3.1.1.1.

X-linked Agammaglobulinemia

6.5.3.1.1.2.

Common Variable Immunodeficiency

6.5.3.1.2.

T Cell Deficiencies

6.5.3.1.2.1.

DiGeorge Syndrome

6.5.3.1.2.2.

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

6.5.3.1.3.

Combined Immunodeficiencies

6.5.3.1.4.

Phagocyte Defects

6.5.3.1.5.

Complement Deficiencies

6.5.3.2.

Secondary Immunodeficiencies

6.5.3.2.1.

6.5.3.2.2.

6.5.3.2.3.

6.5.3.2.4.

Immunosuppressive Drugs

6.5.4.

Transplantation Immunology

6.5.4.1.

Types of Grafts

6.5.4.1.1.

6.5.4.1.2.

6.5.4.1.3.

6.5.4.1.4.

6.5.4.2.

Transplant Rejection

6.5.4.2.1.

Hyperacute Rejection

6.5.4.2.2.

Acute Rejection

6.5.4.2.3.

Chronic Rejection

6.5.4.3.

Graft-versus-Host Disease

6.5.4.4.

Immunosuppression

6.5.4.4.1.

Calcineurin Inhibitors

6.5.4.4.2.

Antiproliferative Agents

6.5.4.4.3.

Corticosteroids

6.5.4.4.4.

Biological Agents

6.5.5.

Tumor Immunology

6.5.5.1.

6.5.5.1.1.

Tumor-Associated Antigens

6.5.5.1.2.

Tumor-Specific Antigens

6.5.5.1.3.

6.5.5.2.

Immune Surveillance

6.5.5.2.1.

Role of NK Cells

6.5.5.2.2.

6.5.5.2.3.

Role of Macrophages

6.5.5.3.

Tumor Immune Evasion

6.5.5.3.1.

6.5.5.3.2.

Immunosuppressive Factors

6.5.5.3.3.

Regulatory T Cells

6.5.5.4.

Cancer Immunotherapy

6.5.5.4.1.

Checkpoint Inhibitors

6.5.5.4.2.

CAR-T Cell Therapy

6.5.5.4.3.

Cancer Vaccines

6.5.5.4.4.

Monoclonal Antibodies

6.5.6.

6.5.6.1.

Principles of Vaccination

6.5.6.1.1.

Active Immunization

6.5.6.1.2.

Passive Immunization

6.5.6.1.3.

6.5.6.2.

Types of Vaccines

6.5.6.2.1.

Live Attenuated Vaccines

6.5.6.2.2.

Inactivated Vaccines

6.5.6.2.3.

Subunit Vaccines

6.5.6.2.4.

Toxoid Vaccines

6.5.6.2.5.

Conjugate Vaccines

6.5.6.2.6.

6.5.6.3.

Vaccine Development

6.5.6.3.1.

Preclinical Studies

6.5.6.3.2.

Clinical Trials

6.5.6.3.3.

Regulatory Approval

6.5.6.4.

Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

6.5.6.4.1.

6.5.6.4.2.

Vaccine Hesitancy

6.5.6.4.3.

Surveillance Systems

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