Biomedical Science

  1. Immunology
    1. Overview of the Immune System
      1. Functions of the Immune System
        1. Types of Immunity
          1. Innate Immunity
            1. Adaptive Immunity
            2. Immune System Organization
            3. Components of the Immune System
              1. Immune System Cells
                1. Lymphocytes
                  1. B Lymphocytes
                    1. B Cell Development
                      1. B Cell Subsets
                        1. B Cell Functions
                        2. T Lymphocytes
                          1. T Cell Development
                            1. CD4+ T Cells
                              1. CD8+ T Cells
                                1. Regulatory T Cells
                                2. Natural Killer Cells
                                  1. NK Cell Recognition
                                    1. NK Cell Functions
                                  2. Antigen-Presenting Cells
                                    1. Dendritic Cells
                                      1. Dendritic Cell Subsets
                                        1. Antigen Presentation
                                        2. Macrophages
                                          1. Macrophage Activation
                                            1. Macrophage Functions
                                            2. B Cells as APCs
                                            3. Granulocytes
                                              1. Neutrophils
                                                1. Eosinophils
                                                  1. Basophils
                                                    1. Mast Cells
                                                  2. Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
                                                    1. Primary Lymphoid Organs
                                                      1. Bone Marrow
                                                        1. Hematopoiesis
                                                          1. B Cell Development
                                                          2. Thymus
                                                            1. T Cell Development
                                                              1. Positive and Negative Selection
                                                            2. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
                                                              1. Lymph Nodes
                                                                1. Lymph Node Structure
                                                                  1. Immune Responses in Lymph Nodes
                                                                  2. Spleen
                                                                    1. Splenic Structure
                                                                      1. Immune Functions of Spleen
                                                                      2. Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
                                                                        1. Peyer's Patches
                                                                          1. Tonsils
                                                                            1. Appendix
                                                                      3. Innate Immunity
                                                                        1. Physical and Chemical Barriers
                                                                          1. Skin
                                                                            1. Barrier Function
                                                                              1. Antimicrobial Peptides
                                                                              2. Mucous Membranes
                                                                                1. Mucociliary Clearance
                                                                                  1. Secretory IgA
                                                                                  2. Chemical Barriers
                                                                                    1. pH
                                                                                      1. Enzymes
                                                                                        1. Antimicrobial Substances
                                                                                      2. Cellular Components
                                                                                        1. Phagocytes
                                                                                          1. Neutrophils
                                                                                            1. Neutrophil Recruitment
                                                                                              1. Phagocytosis Mechanism
                                                                                                1. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
                                                                                                2. Macrophages
                                                                                                  1. Tissue Macrophages
                                                                                                    1. Macrophage Polarization
                                                                                                      1. Phagocytosis and Killing
                                                                                                      2. Dendritic Cells
                                                                                                        1. Antigen Capture
                                                                                                          1. Migration to Lymph Nodes
                                                                                                        2. Natural Killer Cells
                                                                                                          1. Target Recognition
                                                                                                            1. Cytotoxic Mechanisms
                                                                                                              1. Cytokine Production
                                                                                                            2. Molecular Components
                                                                                                              1. Pattern Recognition Receptors
                                                                                                                1. Toll-like Receptors
                                                                                                                  1. NOD-like Receptors
                                                                                                                    1. RIG-I-like Receptors
                                                                                                                      1. C-type Lectin Receptors
                                                                                                                      2. Complement System
                                                                                                                        1. Classical Pathway
                                                                                                                          1. Alternative Pathway
                                                                                                                            1. Lectin Pathway
                                                                                                                              1. Complement Functions
                                                                                                                                1. Opsonization
                                                                                                                                  1. Membrane Attack Complex
                                                                                                                                    1. Inflammation
                                                                                                                                  2. Cytokines and Chemokines
                                                                                                                                    1. Pro-inflammatory Cytokines
                                                                                                                                      1. Anti-inflammatory Cytokines
                                                                                                                                        1. Chemokines
                                                                                                                                      2. Inflammatory Response
                                                                                                                                        1. Acute Inflammation
                                                                                                                                          1. Chronic Inflammation
                                                                                                                                            1. Resolution of Inflammation
                                                                                                                                          2. Adaptive Immunity
                                                                                                                                            1. Antigens and Antigen Recognition
                                                                                                                                              1. Antigen Structure
                                                                                                                                                1. Epitopes
                                                                                                                                                  1. Haptens
                                                                                                                                                    1. Adjuvants
                                                                                                                                                    2. Antigen Processing and Presentation
                                                                                                                                                      1. MHC Class I Pathway
                                                                                                                                                        1. MHC Class II Pathway
                                                                                                                                                          1. Cross-Presentation
                                                                                                                                                        2. Major Histocompatibility Complex
                                                                                                                                                          1. MHC Class I Molecules
                                                                                                                                                            1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                              1. Peptide Binding
                                                                                                                                                                1. Expression Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                2. MHC Class II Molecules
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Peptide Binding
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Expression Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                      2. MHC Polymorphism
                                                                                                                                                                        1. HLA and Disease Association
                                                                                                                                                                        2. T Cell-Mediated Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                          1. T Cell Development
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Positive Selection
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Negative Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                1. T Cell Receptor Rearrangement
                                                                                                                                                                                2. T Cell Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Signal 1: TCR Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Signal 2: Costimulation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Signal 3: Cytokines
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. CD4+ T Helper Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Th1 Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Development and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cytokine Production
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Th2 Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Development and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cytokine Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Th17 Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Development and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Role in Autoimmunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Regulatory T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Natural Tregs
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Induced Tregs
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Suppressive Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Follicular Helper T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. CTL Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Target Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cytotoxic Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Perforin-Granzyme Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fas-FasL Pathway
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Memory CTL Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. B Cell-Mediated Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. B Cell Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pro-B Cell Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pre-B Cell Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immature B Cell Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mature B Cell Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. B Cell Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. T-Dependent Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. T-Independent Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Germinal Center Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Antibody Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Antibody Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Heavy and Light Chains
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Variable and Constant Regions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Antigen-Binding Sites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Antibody Classes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. IgG
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Structure and Subclasses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. IgM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Primary Immune Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. IgA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure and Subclasses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Secretory IgA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mucosal Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. IgE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Role in Allergic Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Parasitic Infections
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. IgD
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. B Cell Receptor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Antibody Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neutralization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Opsonization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Complement Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Immunological Memory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Memory B Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Memory T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Secondary Immune Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Affinity Maturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Clinical Immunology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hypersensitivity Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Type I Hypersensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. IgE-Mediated Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mast Cell Degranulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anaphylaxis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Allergic Asthma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Atopic Dermatitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Type II Hypersensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Antibody-Mediated Cytotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Complement-Mediated Lysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Type III Hypersensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Immune Complex Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Serum Sickness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Arthus Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Type IV Hypersensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. T Cell-Mediated Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Contact Dermatitis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tuberculin Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Autoimmune Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Loss of Self-Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Molecular Mimicry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Epitope Spreading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bystander Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Type 1 Diabetes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Multiple Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Myasthenia Gravis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Graves' Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sjögren's Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Systemic Sclerosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Immunodeficiency Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Primary Immunodeficiencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. B Cell Deficiencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. X-linked Agammaglobulinemia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Common Variable Immunodeficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. T Cell Deficiencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. DiGeorge Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Combined Immunodeficiencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Phagocyte Defects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Complement Deficiencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Secondary Immunodeficiencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. HIV/AIDS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Malnutrition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Aging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Immunosuppressive Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Transplantation Immunology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Types of Grafts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Autograft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Isograft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Allograft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Xenograft
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Transplant Rejection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hyperacute Rejection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Acute Rejection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chronic Rejection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Graft-versus-Host Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Immunosuppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Calcineurin Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Antiproliferative Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Corticosteroids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biological Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Tumor Immunology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tumor Antigens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tumor-Associated Antigens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Tumor-Specific Antigens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Neoantigens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Immune Surveillance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Role of NK Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Role of CTLs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Role of Macrophages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Tumor Immune Evasion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Antigen Loss
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Immunosuppressive Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Regulatory T Cells
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cancer Immunotherapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Checkpoint Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CAR-T Cell Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cancer Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Monoclonal Antibodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Vaccination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Principles of Vaccination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Active Immunization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Passive Immunization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Herd Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Types of Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Live Attenuated Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inactivated Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Subunit Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Toxoid Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Conjugate Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. mRNA Vaccines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Vaccine Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Preclinical Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Trials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Regulatory Approval
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Vaccine Safety and Efficacy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Adverse Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Vaccine Hesitancy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Surveillance Systems

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                7. Pharmacology and Toxicology