Biomedical Science

5.

Medical Microbiology

5.1.

Introduction to Microorganisms

5.1.1.

Classification of Microorganisms

5.1.1.1.

5.1.1.2.

5.1.1.3.

5.1.1.4.

5.1.1.5.

5.1.2.

Normal Microbiota

5.1.2.1.

5.1.2.2.

Transient Flora

5.1.2.3.

Benefits of Normal Flora

5.1.2.4.

Factors Affecting Normal Flora

5.2.

5.2.1.

Bacterial Structure and Function

5.2.1.1.

5.2.1.1.1.

Peptidoglycan Structure

5.2.1.1.2.

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

5.2.1.1.3.

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

5.2.1.1.4.

Acid-Fast Cell Wall

5.2.1.2.

5.2.1.2.1.

Structure and Function

5.2.1.2.2.

Transport Mechanisms

5.2.1.3.

Cytoplasm and Nucleoid

5.2.1.3.1.

Bacterial Chromosome

5.2.1.3.2.

5.2.1.3.3.

5.2.1.4.

External Structures

5.2.1.4.1.

Capsules and Slime Layers

5.2.1.4.2.

Flagella and Motility

5.2.1.4.3.

Pili and Fimbriae

5.2.1.5.

5.2.1.5.1.

Spore Formation

5.2.1.5.2.

Spore Resistance

5.2.1.5.3.

Spore Germination

5.2.2.

Bacterial Growth and Metabolism

5.2.2.1.

Nutritional Requirements

5.2.2.1.1.

5.2.2.1.2.

Nitrogen Sources

5.2.2.1.3.

Phosphorus and Sulfur

5.2.2.1.4.

5.2.2.1.5.

5.2.2.2.

Environmental Factors

5.2.2.2.1.

Temperature Requirements

5.2.2.2.2.

pH Requirements

5.2.2.2.3.

Oxygen Requirements

5.2.2.2.3.1.

Obligate Aerobes

5.2.2.2.3.2.

Obligate Anaerobes

5.2.2.2.3.3.

Facultative Anaerobes

5.2.2.2.3.4.

Microaerophiles

5.2.2.2.4.

Osmotic Pressure

5.2.2.3.

5.2.2.3.1.

5.2.2.3.2.

Exponential Phase

5.2.2.3.3.

Stationary Phase

5.2.2.3.4.

5.2.2.4.

Bacterial Metabolism

5.2.2.4.1.

5.2.2.4.2.

5.2.2.4.3.

Energy Production

5.2.3.

Bacterial Genetics

5.2.3.1.

Bacterial Chromosome

5.2.3.2.

5.2.3.2.1.

Types of Plasmids

5.2.3.2.2.

Plasmid Replication

5.2.3.2.3.

Plasmid Functions

5.2.3.3.

Gene Transfer Mechanisms

5.2.3.3.1.

5.2.3.3.2.

5.2.3.3.3.

5.2.3.3.3.1.

Generalized Transduction

5.2.3.3.3.2.

Specialized Transduction

5.2.3.4.

Transposable Elements

5.2.3.5.

Regulation of Gene Expression

5.2.3.5.1.

5.2.3.5.2.

Global Regulation

5.2.4.

Bacterial Pathogenesis

5.2.4.1.

Virulence Factors

5.2.4.1.1.

5.2.4.1.2.

5.2.4.1.3.

5.2.4.1.3.1.

5.2.4.1.3.2.

5.2.4.1.4.

5.2.4.1.5.

Antiphagocytic Factors

5.2.4.2.

Mechanisms of Pathogenesis

5.2.4.2.1.

Adherence and Colonization

5.2.4.2.2.

5.2.4.2.3.

Toxin Production

5.2.4.2.4.

5.3.

5.3.1.

Viral Structure and Classification

5.3.1.1.

Viral Components

5.3.1.1.1.

5.3.1.1.2.

5.3.1.1.3.

5.3.1.2.

Viral Morphology

5.3.1.2.1.

Helical Viruses

5.3.1.2.2.

Icosahedral Viruses

5.3.1.2.3.

Complex Viruses

5.3.1.3.

Classification Systems

5.3.1.3.1.

Baltimore Classification

5.3.1.3.2.

ICTV Classification

5.3.2.

Viral Replication

5.3.2.1.

Viral Replication Cycle

5.3.2.1.1.

5.3.2.1.2.

5.3.2.1.3.

5.3.2.1.4.

5.3.2.1.5.

5.3.2.1.6.

5.3.2.2.

DNA Virus Replication

5.3.2.3.

RNA Virus Replication

5.3.2.4.

Retrovirus Replication

5.3.3.

Viral Pathogenesis

5.3.3.1.

Mechanisms of Viral Disease

5.3.3.1.1.

5.3.3.1.2.

Cell Transformation

5.3.3.1.3.

Immune-Mediated Damage

5.3.3.2.

5.3.3.3.

Acute vs Persistent Infections

5.3.3.4.

Latent Infections

5.3.3.5.

Oncogenic Viruses

5.4.

5.4.1.

Fungal Structure and Classification

5.4.1.1.

Fungal Cell Structure

5.4.1.1.1.

5.4.1.1.2.

5.4.1.1.3.

5.4.1.2.

Fungal Morphology

5.4.1.2.1.

5.4.1.2.2.

5.4.1.2.3.

Dimorphic Fungi

5.4.1.3.

Classification of Fungi

5.4.2.

Fungal Reproduction

5.4.2.1.

Asexual Reproduction

5.4.2.1.1.

5.4.2.1.2.

5.4.2.1.3.

Spore Formation

5.4.2.2.

Sexual Reproduction

5.4.2.2.1.

5.4.2.2.2.

5.4.2.2.3.

5.4.3.

Fungal Pathogenesis

5.4.3.1.

Types of Mycoses

5.4.3.1.1.

Superficial Mycoses

5.4.3.1.2.

Cutaneous Mycoses

5.4.3.1.3.

Subcutaneous Mycoses

5.4.3.1.4.

Systemic Mycoses

5.4.3.1.5.

Opportunistic Mycoses

5.4.3.2.

Virulence Factors

5.4.3.2.1.

Adhesion Factors

5.4.3.2.2.

5.4.3.2.3.

5.4.3.2.4.

5.5.

5.5.1.

Classification of Parasites

5.5.1.1.

5.5.1.1.1.

5.5.1.1.2.

5.5.1.1.3.

5.5.1.1.4.

5.5.1.2.

5.5.1.2.1.

5.5.1.2.2.

5.5.1.2.3.

5.5.1.3.

5.5.2.

Parasite Life Cycles

5.5.2.1.

Direct Life Cycles

5.5.2.2.

Indirect Life Cycles

5.5.2.3.

Vector-Borne Transmission

5.5.3.

Parasitic Diseases

5.5.3.1.

Protozoal Diseases

5.5.3.1.1.

5.5.3.1.2.

5.5.3.1.3.

5.5.3.1.4.

Trypanosomiasis

5.5.3.2.

Helminthic Diseases

5.5.3.2.1.

5.5.3.2.2.

Hookworm Disease

5.5.3.2.3.

Schistosomiasis

5.5.3.2.4.

5.6.

Host-Pathogen Interactions

5.6.1.

Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis

5.6.1.1.

Entry into Host

5.6.1.1.1.

Portals of Entry

5.6.1.1.2.

Adherence Mechanisms

5.6.1.2.

Establishment of Infection

5.6.1.2.1.

5.6.1.2.2.

5.6.1.2.3.

5.6.1.3.

5.6.1.3.1.

5.6.1.3.2.

Indirect Damage

5.6.2.

Host Defense Mechanisms

5.6.2.1.

Innate Immunity

5.6.2.1.1.

Physical Barriers

5.6.2.1.2.

Chemical Barriers

5.6.2.1.3.

Cellular Defenses

5.6.2.1.4.

Molecular Defenses

5.6.2.2.

Adaptive Immunity

5.6.2.2.1.

Humoral Immunity

5.6.2.2.2.

Cell-Mediated Immunity

5.6.3.

Microbial Evasion Strategies

5.6.3.1.

Antigenic Variation

5.6.3.2.

Molecular Mimicry

5.6.3.3.

Immune Suppression

5.6.3.4.

Intracellular Survival

5.7.

Antimicrobial Agents

5.7.1.

Antibacterial Agents

5.7.1.1.

Mechanisms of Action

5.7.1.1.1.

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

5.7.1.1.2.

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

5.7.1.1.3.

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

5.7.1.1.4.

Cell Membrane Disruptors

5.7.1.1.5.

Metabolic Inhibitors

5.7.1.2.

Classes of Antibiotics

5.7.1.2.1.

5.7.1.2.2.

Aminoglycosides

5.7.1.2.3.

5.7.1.2.4.

5.7.1.2.5.

Fluoroquinolones

5.7.1.2.6.

5.7.2.

Antiviral Agents

5.7.2.1.

Mechanisms of Action

5.7.2.1.1.

Entry Inhibitors

5.7.2.1.2.

Replication Inhibitors

5.7.2.1.3.

Assembly Inhibitors

5.7.2.2.

Classes of Antivirals

5.7.2.2.1.

Nucleoside Analogs

5.7.2.2.2.

Protease Inhibitors

5.7.2.2.3.

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

5.7.3.

Antifungal Agents

5.7.3.1.

Mechanisms of Action

5.7.3.1.1.

Cell Membrane Inhibitors

5.7.3.1.2.

Cell Wall Inhibitors

5.7.3.1.3.

Nucleic Acid Inhibitors

5.7.3.2.

Classes of Antifungals

5.7.3.2.1.

5.7.3.2.2.

5.7.3.2.3.

5.7.4.

Antiparasitic Agents

5.7.4.1.

Antiprotozoal Agents

5.7.4.2.

Antihelminthic Agents

5.7.5.

Antimicrobial Resistance

5.7.5.1.

Mechanisms of Resistance

5.7.5.1.1.

Enzymatic Inactivation

5.7.5.1.2.

Target Modification

5.7.5.1.3.

5.7.5.1.4.

Reduced Permeability

5.7.5.2.

Genetic Basis of Resistance

5.7.5.2.1.

Chromosomal Resistance

5.7.5.2.2.

Plasmid-Mediated Resistance

5.7.5.3.

Clinical Impact

5.7.5.4.

Prevention Strategies

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