Biomedical Science

  1. Medical Microbiology
    1. Introduction to Microorganisms
      1. Classification of Microorganisms
        1. Bacteria
          1. Viruses
            1. Fungi
              1. Parasites
                1. Prions
                2. Normal Microbiota
                  1. Resident Flora
                    1. Transient Flora
                      1. Benefits of Normal Flora
                        1. Factors Affecting Normal Flora
                      2. Bacteria
                        1. Bacterial Structure and Function
                          1. Cell Wall
                            1. Peptidoglycan Structure
                              1. Gram-Positive Cell Wall
                                1. Gram-Negative Cell Wall
                                  1. Acid-Fast Cell Wall
                                  2. Cell Membrane
                                    1. Structure and Function
                                      1. Transport Mechanisms
                                      2. Cytoplasm and Nucleoid
                                        1. Bacterial Chromosome
                                          1. Plasmids
                                            1. Ribosomes
                                            2. External Structures
                                              1. Capsules and Slime Layers
                                                1. Flagella and Motility
                                                  1. Pili and Fimbriae
                                                  2. Endospores
                                                    1. Spore Formation
                                                      1. Spore Resistance
                                                        1. Spore Germination
                                                      2. Bacterial Growth and Metabolism
                                                        1. Nutritional Requirements
                                                          1. Carbon Sources
                                                            1. Nitrogen Sources
                                                              1. Phosphorus and Sulfur
                                                                1. Trace Elements
                                                                  1. Growth Factors
                                                                  2. Environmental Factors
                                                                    1. Temperature Requirements
                                                                      1. pH Requirements
                                                                        1. Oxygen Requirements
                                                                          1. Obligate Aerobes
                                                                            1. Obligate Anaerobes
                                                                              1. Facultative Anaerobes
                                                                                1. Microaerophiles
                                                                                2. Osmotic Pressure
                                                                                3. Growth Phases
                                                                                  1. Lag Phase
                                                                                    1. Exponential Phase
                                                                                      1. Stationary Phase
                                                                                        1. Death Phase
                                                                                        2. Bacterial Metabolism
                                                                                          1. Catabolism
                                                                                            1. Anabolism
                                                                                              1. Energy Production
                                                                                            2. Bacterial Genetics
                                                                                              1. Bacterial Chromosome
                                                                                                1. Plasmids
                                                                                                  1. Types of Plasmids
                                                                                                    1. Plasmid Replication
                                                                                                      1. Plasmid Functions
                                                                                                      2. Gene Transfer Mechanisms
                                                                                                        1. Transformation
                                                                                                          1. Conjugation
                                                                                                            1. Transduction
                                                                                                              1. Generalized Transduction
                                                                                                                1. Specialized Transduction
                                                                                                              2. Transposable Elements
                                                                                                                1. Regulation of Gene Expression
                                                                                                                  1. Operons
                                                                                                                    1. Global Regulation
                                                                                                                  2. Bacterial Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                    1. Virulence Factors
                                                                                                                      1. Adhesins
                                                                                                                        1. Invasins
                                                                                                                          1. Toxins
                                                                                                                            1. Exotoxins
                                                                                                                              1. Endotoxins
                                                                                                                              2. Enzymes
                                                                                                                                1. Antiphagocytic Factors
                                                                                                                                2. Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                  1. Adherence and Colonization
                                                                                                                                    1. Invasion
                                                                                                                                      1. Toxin Production
                                                                                                                                        1. Immune Evasion
                                                                                                                                    2. Viruses
                                                                                                                                      1. Viral Structure and Classification
                                                                                                                                        1. Viral Components
                                                                                                                                          1. Nucleic Acid
                                                                                                                                            1. Capsid
                                                                                                                                              1. Envelope
                                                                                                                                              2. Viral Morphology
                                                                                                                                                1. Helical Viruses
                                                                                                                                                  1. Icosahedral Viruses
                                                                                                                                                    1. Complex Viruses
                                                                                                                                                    2. Classification Systems
                                                                                                                                                      1. Baltimore Classification
                                                                                                                                                        1. ICTV Classification
                                                                                                                                                      2. Viral Replication
                                                                                                                                                        1. Viral Replication Cycle
                                                                                                                                                          1. Attachment
                                                                                                                                                            1. Penetration
                                                                                                                                                              1. Uncoating
                                                                                                                                                                1. Replication
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Assembly
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Release
                                                                                                                                                                    2. DNA Virus Replication
                                                                                                                                                                      1. RNA Virus Replication
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Retrovirus Replication
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Viral Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mechanisms of Viral Disease
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Lysis
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Transformation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Immune-Mediated Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Viral Tropism
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Acute vs Persistent Infections
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Latent Infections
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Oncogenic Viruses
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Fungi
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fungal Structure and Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fungal Cell Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell Wall
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Membrane
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Organelles
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Fungal Morphology
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Yeasts
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Molds
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dimorphic Fungi
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Classification of Fungi
                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Fungal Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Asexual Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Budding
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fragmentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Spore Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Sexual Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Plasmogamy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Karyogamy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Meiosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Fungal Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Types of Mycoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Superficial Mycoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cutaneous Mycoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Subcutaneous Mycoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Systemic Mycoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Opportunistic Mycoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Virulence Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adhesion Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Toxins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Immune Evasion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Parasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Classification of Parasites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Protozoa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Amoebae
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flagellates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ciliates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sporozoans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Helminths
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nematodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Trematodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cestodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Arthropods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Parasite Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Direct Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Indirect Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vector-Borne Transmission
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Parasitic Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Protozoal Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Malaria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Amoebiasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Giardiasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Trypanosomiasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Helminthic Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ascariasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hookworm Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Schistosomiasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Taeniasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Host-Pathogen Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Entry into Host
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Portals of Entry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Adherence Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Establishment of Infection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Colonization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Invasion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Multiplication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Damage to Host
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Direct Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Indirect Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Host Defense Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Innate Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Physical Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chemical Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cellular Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Molecular Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Adaptive Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Humoral Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell-Mediated Immunity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Microbial Evasion Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Antigenic Variation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Molecular Mimicry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Immune Suppression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Intracellular Survival
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Antimicrobial Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Antibacterial Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell Membrane Disruptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Metabolic Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Classes of Antibiotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Beta-Lactams
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Aminoglycosides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Macrolides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tetracyclines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fluoroquinolones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sulfonamides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Antiviral Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Entry Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Replication Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Assembly Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Classes of Antivirals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nucleoside Analogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Protease Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Antifungal Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cell Membrane Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Wall Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nucleic Acid Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Classes of Antifungals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Polyenes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Azoles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Echinocandins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Antiparasitic Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Antiprotozoal Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Antihelminthic Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Antimicrobial Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanisms of Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Enzymatic Inactivation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Target Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Efflux Pumps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reduced Permeability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Genetic Basis of Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chromosomal Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Plasmid-Mediated Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Prevention Strategies

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        6. Immunology