Biomedical Science

  1. Pharmacology and Toxicology
    1. Principles of Pharmacology
      1. Introduction to Pharmacology
        1. Drug Definition and Classification
          1. Drug Nomenclature
            1. Drug Development Process
              1. Regulatory Approval
              2. Pharmacokinetics
                1. Drug Absorption
                  1. Routes of Administration
                    1. Enteral Routes
                      1. Parenteral Routes
                        1. Topical Routes
                        2. Factors Affecting Absorption
                          1. Drug Properties
                            1. Physiological Factors
                              1. Formulation Factors
                              2. Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
                              3. Drug Distribution
                                1. Distribution Phases
                                  1. Volume of Distribution
                                    1. Plasma Protein Binding
                                      1. Tissue Binding
                                        1. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                          1. Placental Transfer
                                          2. Drug Metabolism
                                            1. Phase I Reactions
                                              1. Oxidation
                                                1. Reduction
                                                  1. Hydrolysis
                                                  2. Phase II Reactions
                                                    1. Conjugation Reactions
                                                      1. Glucuronidation
                                                        1. Sulfation
                                                          1. Acetylation
                                                            1. Methylation
                                                            2. Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
                                                              1. CYP450 Families
                                                                1. Enzyme Induction
                                                                  1. Enzyme Inhibition
                                                                    1. Genetic Polymorphisms
                                                                    2. First-Pass Effect
                                                                      1. Factors Affecting Metabolism
                                                                      2. Drug Excretion
                                                                        1. Renal Excretion
                                                                          1. Glomerular Filtration
                                                                            1. Tubular Secretion
                                                                              1. Tubular Reabsorption
                                                                              2. Biliary Excretion
                                                                                1. Pulmonary Excretion
                                                                                  1. Other Routes of Excretion
                                                                                    1. Clearance Concepts
                                                                                    2. Pharmacokinetic Models
                                                                                      1. One-Compartment Model
                                                                                        1. Two-Compartment Model
                                                                                          1. Half-Life
                                                                                            1. Steady State
                                                                                              1. Zero-Order vs First-Order Kinetics
                                                                                            2. Pharmacodynamics
                                                                                              1. Drug-Receptor Interactions
                                                                                                1. Receptor Theory
                                                                                                  1. Types of Drug Receptors
                                                                                                    1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors
                                                                                                      1. Ion Channel Receptors
                                                                                                        1. Enzyme-Linked Receptors
                                                                                                          1. Nuclear Receptors
                                                                                                          2. Receptor Binding
                                                                                                            1. Affinity
                                                                                                              1. Specificity
                                                                                                                1. Saturation
                                                                                                              2. Dose-Response Relationships
                                                                                                                1. Graded Dose-Response
                                                                                                                  1. Quantal Dose-Response
                                                                                                                    1. Potency vs Efficacy
                                                                                                                      1. Therapeutic Index
                                                                                                                        1. Margin of Safety
                                                                                                                        2. Drug-Receptor Interactions
                                                                                                                          1. Agonists
                                                                                                                            1. Full Agonists
                                                                                                                              1. Partial Agonists
                                                                                                                              2. Antagonists
                                                                                                                                1. Competitive Antagonists
                                                                                                                                  1. Non-competitive Antagonists
                                                                                                                                    1. Irreversible Antagonists
                                                                                                                                    2. Inverse Agonists
                                                                                                                                    3. Signal Transduction
                                                                                                                                      1. Second Messenger Systems
                                                                                                                                        1. cAMP Pathway
                                                                                                                                          1. IP3/DAG Pathway
                                                                                                                                            1. cGMP Pathway
                                                                                                                                            2. Protein Kinase Cascades
                                                                                                                                              1. Gene Expression Changes
                                                                                                                                            3. Drug Interactions
                                                                                                                                              1. Pharmacokinetic Interactions
                                                                                                                                                1. Absorption Interactions
                                                                                                                                                  1. Distribution Interactions
                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolism Interactions
                                                                                                                                                      1. Excretion Interactions
                                                                                                                                                      2. Pharmacodynamic Interactions
                                                                                                                                                        1. Synergism
                                                                                                                                                          1. Antagonism
                                                                                                                                                            1. Potentiation
                                                                                                                                                            2. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                          2. Drug Classes and Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                            1. Autonomic Pharmacology
                                                                                                                                                              1. Sympathetic Nervous System Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                1. Adrenergic Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Alpha Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Beta Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Sympathomimetics
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Direct-Acting Agonists
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Indirect-Acting Agonists
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mixed-Acting Agonists
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Sympatholytics
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Alpha Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Beta Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Central Acting Agents
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Parasympathetic Nervous System Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cholinergic Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nicotinic Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Muscarinic Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cholinomimetics
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Direct-Acting Agonists
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Indirect-Acting Agonists
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Anticholinergics
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Muscarinic Antagonists
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nicotinic Antagonists
                                                                                                                                                                                        3. Cardiovascular Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Antihypertensive Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Diuretics
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Thiazide Diuretics
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Loop Diuretics
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. ACE Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calcium Channel Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Beta Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Alpha Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Antianginal Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nitrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Beta Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Calcium Channel Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Antiarrhythmic Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Class I Antiarrhythmics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Class II Antiarrhythmics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Class III Antiarrhythmics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Class IV Antiarrhythmics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Heart Failure Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. ACE Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Diuretics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Digitalis Glycosides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Beta Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Anticoagulants and Antiplatelets
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Heparin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Warfarin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Direct Oral Anticoagulants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Antiplatelet Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Central Nervous System Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Analgesics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Opioid Analgesics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Opioid Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Morphine and Derivatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Synthetic Opioids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Opioid Antagonists
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Non-Opioid Analgesics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. NSAIDs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acetaminophen
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Anesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. General Anesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Inhalational Anesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Intravenous Anesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Local Anesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Types of Local Anesthetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Antidepressants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tricyclic Antidepressants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. SSRIs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. SNRIs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. MAO Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Atypical Antidepressants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Antipsychotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Typical Antipsychotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Atypical Antipsychotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Side Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Antiepileptic Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sodium Channel Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. GABA Enhancers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Calcium Channel Blockers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glutamate Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Anxiolytics and Sedatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Benzodiazepines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Barbiturates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Antimicrobial Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Antibacterial Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Penicillins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cephalosporins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Carbapenems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Vancomycin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aminoglycosides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Tetracyclines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Macrolides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chloramphenicol
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. DNA/RNA Synthesis Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Fluoroquinolones
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Metronidazole
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Folate Synthesis Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sulfonamides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Trimethoprim
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Antiviral Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nucleoside Analogs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Protease Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neuraminidase Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Antifungal Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Polyenes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Azoles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Echinocandins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Allylamines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Antiparasitic Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Antimalarial Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Antihelminthic Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Antiprotozoal Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Anti-inflammatory Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. COX-1 and COX-2 Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Side Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Corticosteroids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mechanism of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Types of Corticosteroids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Therapeutic Uses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Side Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Methotrexate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biological DMARDs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Targeted Synthetic DMARDs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Cancer Chemotherapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Alkylating Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Antimetabolites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Natural Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hormonal Agents
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Targeted Therapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Immunotherapy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Drug Discovery and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Target Identification and Validation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Disease Understanding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Target Selection Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Target Validation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Lead Discovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Natural Products
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. High-Throughput Screening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Structure-Based Drug Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Lead Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure-Activity Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. ADMET Properties
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Medicinal Chemistry Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Preclinical Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. In Vitro Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pharmacological Profiling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Toxicity Screening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Animal Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pharmacokinetic Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Efficacy Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Safety Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Clinical Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Phase I Trials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. First-in-Human Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dose Escalation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Safety Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Phase II Trials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Proof of Concept
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dose Finding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Efficacy Evaluation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Phase III Trials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Confirmatory Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Comparative Effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Large-Scale Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Phase IV Trials
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Post-Marketing Surveillance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Long-Term Safety
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Regulatory Affairs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Regulatory Agencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Drug Approval Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Good Manufacturing Practice
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pharmacovigilance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Toxicology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Principles of Toxicology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Basic Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dose-Response Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Threshold vs Non-Threshold Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. NOAEL and LOAEL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Toxicokinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Absorption of Toxicants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Distribution of Toxicants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolism of Toxicants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Excretion of Toxicants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Factors Affecting Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Dose and Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Route of Exposure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Individual Susceptibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Mechanisms of Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cellular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cell Membrane Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. DNA Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Protein Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reactive Oxygen Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Electrophilic Reactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Enzyme Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Receptor Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Types of Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Acute Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. LD50 and LC50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Acute Toxicity Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Chronic Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Long-Term Exposure Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chronic Toxicity Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Carcinogenicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carcinogenicity Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Mutagenicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Types of Mutations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mutagenicity Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Reproductive Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Effects on Fertility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Developmental Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Teratogenicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Organ-Specific Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hepatotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanisms of Liver Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biomarkers of Liver Injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Common Hepatotoxins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Nephrotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanisms of Kidney Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biomarkers of Kidney Injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Common Nephrotoxins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Neurotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanisms of Nervous System Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Types of Neurotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Common Neurotoxins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Cardiotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mechanisms of Heart Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Types of Cardiotoxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Common Cardiotoxins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Pulmonary Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanisms of Lung Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Types of Pulmonary Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Common Pulmonary Toxins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Environmental Toxicology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Air Pollutants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Pollutants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Contaminants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Clinical Toxicology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Poisoning Management
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Antidotes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Supportive Care
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Toxicological Emergencies

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Go to top

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