Biomedical Science

3.

Cellular and Molecular Biology

3.1.

The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

3.1.1.

DNA Replication

3.1.1.1.

DNA Replication Overview

3.1.1.2.

Replication Machinery

3.1.1.2.1.

3.1.1.2.2.

DNA Polymerases

3.1.1.2.3.

3.1.1.2.4.

3.1.1.2.5.

Single-Strand Binding Proteins

3.1.1.3.

Replication Process

3.1.1.3.1.

Origin of Replication

3.1.1.3.2.

Replication Fork Formation

3.1.1.3.3.

Leading Strand Synthesis

3.1.1.3.4.

Lagging Strand Synthesis

3.1.1.3.5.

Okazaki Fragments

3.1.1.4.

Proofreading and Repair

3.1.1.4.1.

3' to 5' Exonuclease Activity

3.1.1.4.2.

Mismatch Repair

3.1.1.4.3.

DNA Damage Checkpoints

3.1.2.

3.1.2.1.

Transcription Overview

3.1.2.2.

RNA Polymerases

3.1.2.2.1.

RNA Polymerase I

3.1.2.2.2.

RNA Polymerase II

3.1.2.2.3.

RNA Polymerase III

3.1.2.3.

Transcription Process

3.1.2.3.1.

Promoter Recognition

3.1.2.3.2.

Transcription Initiation

3.1.2.3.3.

Transcription Elongation

3.1.2.3.4.

Transcription Termination

3.1.2.4.

Transcription Factors

3.1.2.4.1.

General Transcription Factors

3.1.2.4.2.

Specific Transcription Factors

3.1.2.5.

mRNA Processing

3.1.2.5.1.

3.1.2.5.2.

3' Polyadenylation

3.1.2.5.3.

3.1.2.5.3.1.

Spliceosome Assembly

3.1.2.5.3.2.

Alternative Splicing

3.1.3.

3.1.3.1.

Translation Overview

3.1.3.2.

Ribosome Structure

3.1.3.2.1.

Large Ribosomal Subunit

3.1.3.2.2.

Small Ribosomal Subunit

3.1.3.2.3.

3.1.3.2.4.

Ribosomal Proteins

3.1.3.3.

3.1.3.3.1.

3.1.3.3.2.

Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

3.1.3.3.3.

Codon-Anticodon Recognition

3.1.3.4.

Translation Process

3.1.3.4.1.

Translation Initiation

3.1.3.4.1.1.

Initiation Factors

3.1.3.4.1.2.

Start Codon Recognition

3.1.3.4.2.

Translation Elongation

3.1.3.4.2.1.

Elongation Factors

3.1.3.4.2.2.

Peptide Bond Formation

3.1.3.4.3.

Translation Termination

3.1.3.4.3.1.

3.1.3.4.3.2.

Release Factors

3.1.3.5.

Post-translational Modifications

3.1.3.5.1.

Protein Folding

3.1.3.5.2.

Chemical Modifications

3.1.3.5.3.

Protein Targeting

3.2.

Gene Expression and Regulation

3.2.1.

Transcriptional Control in Prokaryotes

3.2.1.1.

3.2.1.1.1.

3.2.1.1.2.

3.2.1.1.3.

3.2.1.2.

Positive Regulation

3.2.1.2.1.

Activator Proteins

3.2.1.2.2.

CAP-cAMP System

3.2.1.3.

Negative Regulation

3.2.1.3.1.

Repressor Proteins

3.2.1.3.2.

Operator Sequences

3.2.1.4.

3.2.1.5.

3.2.2.

Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotes

3.2.2.1.

Chromatin Structure

3.2.2.1.1.

Nucleosome Organization

3.2.2.1.2.

Chromatin Remodeling Complexes

3.2.2.2.

Promoter Elements

3.2.2.2.1.

3.2.2.2.2.

Proximal Promoter

3.2.2.3.

Enhancers and Silencers

3.2.2.3.1.

Enhancer Function

3.2.2.3.2.

Silencer Function

3.2.2.3.3.

Insulator Elements

3.2.2.4.

Transcription Factors

3.2.2.4.1.

DNA-Binding Domains

3.2.2.4.2.

Activation Domains

3.2.2.4.3.

Transcription Factor Families

3.2.2.5.

Mediator Complex

3.2.3.

Post-transcriptional Regulation

3.2.3.1.

RNA Processing Control

3.2.3.1.1.

Alternative Splicing Regulation

3.2.3.1.2.

Polyadenylation Control

3.2.3.2.

RNA Stability and Degradation

3.2.3.2.1.

mRNA Decay Pathways

3.2.3.2.2.

RNA-Binding Proteins

3.2.3.3.

RNA Interference

3.2.3.3.1.

microRNA Pathway

3.2.3.3.2.

3.2.3.3.3.

3.2.3.4.

Long Non-coding RNAs

3.2.3.4.1.

lncRNA Functions

3.2.3.4.2.

lncRNA Mechanisms

3.2.4.

3.2.4.1.

DNA Methylation

3.2.4.1.1.

DNA Methyltransferases

3.2.4.1.2.

3.2.4.1.3.

Methylation Patterns

3.2.4.2.

Histone Modifications

3.2.4.2.1.

Histone Acetyltransferases

3.2.4.2.2.

Histone Deacetylases

3.2.4.2.3.

Histone Methyltransferases

3.2.4.2.4.

3.2.4.3.

Chromatin Remodeling

3.2.4.3.1.

SWI/SNF Complex

3.2.4.3.2.

3.2.4.3.3.

3.2.4.4.

Epigenetic Inheritance

3.2.4.4.1.

Maintenance of Epigenetic Marks

3.2.4.4.2.

Transgenerational Inheritance

3.3.

3.3.1.

Mendelian Inheritance

3.3.1.1.

3.3.1.1.1.

Law of Segregation

3.3.1.1.2.

Law of Independent Assortment

3.3.1.2.

Monohybrid Crosses

3.3.1.3.

Dihybrid Crosses

3.3.1.4.

3.3.1.5.

Pedigree Analysis

3.3.1.5.1.

Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

3.3.1.5.2.

Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

3.3.1.5.3.

X-linked Inheritance

3.3.1.5.4.

Y-linked Inheritance

3.3.2.

Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

3.3.2.1.

Incomplete Dominance

3.3.2.2.

3.3.2.3.

Multiple Alleles

3.3.2.3.1.

ABO Blood Group System

3.3.2.3.2.

3.3.2.4.

Polygenic Inheritance

3.3.2.5.

3.3.2.6.

3.3.2.7.

Mitochondrial Inheritance

3.3.2.7.1.

Maternal Inheritance

3.3.2.7.2.

Mitochondrial Diseases

3.3.2.8.

Genomic Imprinting

3.3.2.8.1.

Imprinted Genes

3.3.2.8.2.

Imprinting Disorders

3.3.3.

Chromosomal Genetics

3.3.3.1.

Chromosome Structure

3.3.3.1.1.

3.3.3.1.2.

3.3.3.1.3.

Heterochromatin and Euchromatin

3.3.3.2.

Karyotype Analysis

3.3.3.3.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

3.3.3.3.1.

Numerical Abnormalities

3.3.3.3.1.1.

3.3.3.3.1.2.

3.3.3.3.2.

Structural Abnormalities

3.3.3.3.2.1.

3.3.3.3.2.2.

3.3.3.3.2.3.

3.3.3.3.2.4.

3.3.3.3.2.5.

Ring Chromosomes

3.3.3.4.

Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

3.3.3.4.1.

Turner Syndrome

3.3.3.4.2.

Klinefelter Syndrome

3.3.3.4.3.

3.3.4.

Genetic Disorders

3.3.4.1.

Single Gene Disorders

3.3.4.1.1.

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

3.3.4.1.2.

Autosomal Recessive Disorders

3.3.4.1.3.

X-linked Disorders

3.3.4.2.

Multifactorial Disorders

3.3.4.3.

Chromosomal Disorders

3.3.4.4.

Mitochondrial Disorders

3.3.5.

Population Genetics

3.3.5.1.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

3.3.5.1.1.

Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

3.3.5.1.2.

Allele and Genotype Frequencies

3.3.5.2.

Factors Affecting Allele Frequencies

3.3.5.2.1.

3.3.5.2.2.

3.3.5.2.3.

3.3.5.2.4.

3.3.5.2.5.

Non-random Mating

3.3.5.3.

Population Structure

3.3.5.4.

Linkage and Recombination

3.3.5.4.1.

Genetic Mapping

3.3.5.4.2.

Recombination Frequency

3.4.

Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering

3.4.1.

DNA Manipulation Tools

3.4.1.1.

Restriction Enzymes

3.4.1.1.1.

Types of Restriction Enzymes

3.4.1.1.2.

Recognition Sequences

3.4.1.1.3.

Sticky and Blunt Ends

3.4.1.2.

3.4.1.2.1.

3.4.1.2.2.

Ligation Conditions

3.4.1.3.

DNA Polymerases

3.4.1.3.1.

3.4.1.3.2.

High-Fidelity Polymerases

3.4.2.

Cloning Vectors

3.4.2.1.

Plasmid Vectors

3.4.2.1.1.

3.4.2.1.2.

3.4.2.1.3.

Selection Markers

3.4.2.2.

3.4.2.2.1.

Lambda Phage Vectors

3.4.2.2.2.

3.4.2.2.3.

Retroviral Vectors

3.4.2.3.

Artificial Chromosomes

3.4.2.3.1.

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes

3.4.2.3.2.

Yeast Artificial Chromosomes

3.4.2.3.3.

Human Artificial Chromosomes

3.4.3.

Polymerase Chain Reaction

3.4.3.1.

3.4.3.2.

3.4.3.2.1.

3.4.3.2.2.

3.4.3.2.3.

3.4.3.2.4.

3.4.3.3.

3.4.3.3.1.

3.4.3.3.2.

3.4.3.3.3.

3.4.3.4.

3.4.3.4.1.

Reverse Transcription PCR

3.4.3.4.2.

Quantitative PCR

3.4.3.4.3.

3.4.3.4.4.

3.4.4.

3.4.4.1.

Sanger Sequencing

3.4.4.1.1.

Chain Termination Method

3.4.4.1.2.

Automated Sequencing

3.4.4.2.

Next-Generation Sequencing

3.4.4.2.1.

Illumina Sequencing

3.4.4.2.2.

Ion Torrent Sequencing

3.4.4.2.3.

PacBio Sequencing

3.4.4.2.4.

Oxford Nanopore Sequencing

3.4.4.3.

Genome Assembly

3.4.4.4.

Sequence Analysis

3.4.5.

Gene Editing Technologies

3.4.5.1.

CRISPR-Cas Systems

3.4.5.1.1.

CRISPR-Cas9 Mechanism

3.4.5.1.2.

Guide RNA Design

3.4.5.1.3.

3.4.5.1.4.

Off-target Effects

3.4.5.2.

Other Gene Editing Tools

3.4.5.2.1.

Zinc Finger Nucleases

3.4.5.2.2.

3.4.5.2.3.

3.4.5.2.4.

3.4.5.3.

Applications of Gene Editing

3.4.5.3.1.

Research Applications

3.4.5.3.2.

Therapeutic Applications

3.4.5.3.3.

Agricultural Applications

3.4.6.

Recombinant Protein Production

3.4.6.1.

Expression Systems

3.4.6.1.1.

Bacterial Expression

3.4.6.1.2.

Yeast Expression

3.4.6.1.3.

Mammalian Expression

3.4.6.1.4.

Insect Cell Expression

3.4.6.2.

Protein Purification

3.4.6.2.1.

Affinity Chromatography

3.4.6.2.2.

Ion Exchange Chromatography

3.4.6.2.3.

Size Exclusion Chromatography

3.4.6.3.

Protein Modification

3.4.6.3.1.

Post-translational Modifications

3.4.6.3.2.

Protein Engineering

Previous

2. Human Anatomy and Physiology

Go to top

Next

4. Pathophysiology: The Basis of Disease