Biomedical Science

  1. Cellular and Molecular Biology
    1. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
      1. DNA Replication
        1. DNA Replication Overview
          1. Replication Machinery
            1. DNA Helicases
              1. DNA Polymerases
                1. DNA Primase
                  1. DNA Ligase
                    1. Single-Strand Binding Proteins
                    2. Replication Process
                      1. Origin of Replication
                        1. Replication Fork Formation
                          1. Leading Strand Synthesis
                            1. Lagging Strand Synthesis
                              1. Okazaki Fragments
                              2. Proofreading and Repair
                                1. 3' to 5' Exonuclease Activity
                                  1. Mismatch Repair
                                    1. DNA Damage Checkpoints
                                  2. Transcription
                                    1. Transcription Overview
                                      1. RNA Polymerases
                                        1. RNA Polymerase I
                                          1. RNA Polymerase II
                                            1. RNA Polymerase III
                                            2. Transcription Process
                                              1. Promoter Recognition
                                                1. Transcription Initiation
                                                  1. Transcription Elongation
                                                    1. Transcription Termination
                                                    2. Transcription Factors
                                                      1. General Transcription Factors
                                                        1. Specific Transcription Factors
                                                        2. mRNA Processing
                                                          1. 5' Capping
                                                            1. 3' Polyadenylation
                                                              1. RNA Splicing
                                                                1. Spliceosome Assembly
                                                                  1. Alternative Splicing
                                                              2. Translation
                                                                1. Translation Overview
                                                                  1. Ribosome Structure
                                                                    1. Large Ribosomal Subunit
                                                                      1. Small Ribosomal Subunit
                                                                        1. Ribosomal RNA
                                                                          1. Ribosomal Proteins
                                                                          2. Transfer RNA
                                                                            1. tRNA Structure
                                                                              1. Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
                                                                                1. Codon-Anticodon Recognition
                                                                                2. Translation Process
                                                                                  1. Translation Initiation
                                                                                    1. Initiation Factors
                                                                                      1. Start Codon Recognition
                                                                                      2. Translation Elongation
                                                                                        1. Elongation Factors
                                                                                          1. Peptide Bond Formation
                                                                                          2. Translation Termination
                                                                                            1. Stop Codons
                                                                                              1. Release Factors
                                                                                            2. Post-translational Modifications
                                                                                              1. Protein Folding
                                                                                                1. Chemical Modifications
                                                                                                  1. Protein Targeting
                                                                                              2. Gene Expression and Regulation
                                                                                                1. Transcriptional Control in Prokaryotes
                                                                                                  1. Operon Model
                                                                                                    1. lac Operon
                                                                                                      1. trp Operon
                                                                                                        1. ara Operon
                                                                                                        2. Positive Regulation
                                                                                                          1. Activator Proteins
                                                                                                            1. CAP-cAMP System
                                                                                                            2. Negative Regulation
                                                                                                              1. Repressor Proteins
                                                                                                                1. Operator Sequences
                                                                                                                2. Attenuation
                                                                                                                  1. Riboswitches
                                                                                                                  2. Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotes
                                                                                                                    1. Chromatin Structure
                                                                                                                      1. Nucleosome Organization
                                                                                                                        1. Chromatin Remodeling Complexes
                                                                                                                        2. Promoter Elements
                                                                                                                          1. Core Promoter
                                                                                                                            1. Proximal Promoter
                                                                                                                            2. Enhancers and Silencers
                                                                                                                              1. Enhancer Function
                                                                                                                                1. Silencer Function
                                                                                                                                  1. Insulator Elements
                                                                                                                                  2. Transcription Factors
                                                                                                                                    1. DNA-Binding Domains
                                                                                                                                      1. Activation Domains
                                                                                                                                        1. Transcription Factor Families
                                                                                                                                        2. Mediator Complex
                                                                                                                                        3. Post-transcriptional Regulation
                                                                                                                                          1. RNA Processing Control
                                                                                                                                            1. Alternative Splicing Regulation
                                                                                                                                              1. Polyadenylation Control
                                                                                                                                              2. RNA Stability and Degradation
                                                                                                                                                1. mRNA Decay Pathways
                                                                                                                                                  1. RNA-Binding Proteins
                                                                                                                                                  2. RNA Interference
                                                                                                                                                    1. microRNA Pathway
                                                                                                                                                      1. siRNA Pathway
                                                                                                                                                        1. RISC Complex
                                                                                                                                                        2. Long Non-coding RNAs
                                                                                                                                                          1. lncRNA Functions
                                                                                                                                                            1. lncRNA Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                          2. Epigenetics
                                                                                                                                                            1. DNA Methylation
                                                                                                                                                              1. DNA Methyltransferases
                                                                                                                                                                1. CpG Islands
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Methylation Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Histone Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Histone Acetyltransferases
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Histone Deacetylases
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Histone Methyltransferases
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Histone Code
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Chromatin Remodeling
                                                                                                                                                                            1. SWI/SNF Complex
                                                                                                                                                                              1. ISWI Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                1. CHD Complex
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Epigenetic Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Maintenance of Epigenetic Marks
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transgenerational Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                3. Human Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mendelian Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mendel's Laws
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Law of Segregation
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Law of Independent Assortment
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Monohybrid Crosses
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dihybrid Crosses
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Test Crosses
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pedigree Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. X-linked Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Y-linked Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Incomplete Dominance
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Codominance
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Multiple Alleles
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. ABO Blood Group System
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. HLA System
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Polygenic Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Epistasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pleiotropy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mitochondrial Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Maternal Inheritance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Mitochondrial Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Genomic Imprinting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Imprinted Genes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Imprinting Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Chromosomal Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chromosome Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Centromeres
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Telomeres
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Heterochromatin and Euchromatin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Karyotype Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chromosomal Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Numerical Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aneuploidy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Polyploidy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Structural Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Deletions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Duplications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inversions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Translocations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ring Chromosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Turner Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Klinefelter Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. XYY Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Genetic Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Single Gene Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Autosomal Dominant Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Autosomal Recessive Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. X-linked Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Multifactorial Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chromosomal Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mitochondrial Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Population Genetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Allele and Genotype Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Factors Affecting Allele Frequencies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mutation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Genetic Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gene Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Non-random Mating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Population Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Linkage and Recombination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Genetic Mapping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Recombination Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. DNA Manipulation Tools
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Restriction Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Types of Restriction Enzymes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Recognition Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sticky and Blunt Ends
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. DNA Ligases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. T4 DNA Ligase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ligation Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. DNA Polymerases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Taq Polymerase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. High-Fidelity Polymerases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cloning Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Plasmid Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. pUC Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. pBR322
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Selection Markers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Viral Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lambda Phage Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. M13 Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Retroviral Vectors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Artificial Chromosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Human Artificial Chromosomes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Polymerase Chain Reaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. PCR Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. PCR Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Template DNA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Primers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. DNA Polymerase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. dNTPs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. PCR Cycling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Denaturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Annealing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Extension
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. PCR Variations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reverse Transcription PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Quantitative PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nested PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Multiplex PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. DNA Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sanger Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chain Termination Method
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Automated Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Next-Generation Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Illumina Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ion Torrent Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. PacBio Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oxford Nanopore Sequencing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Genome Assembly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sequence Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Gene Editing Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. CRISPR-Cas Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. CRISPR-Cas9 Mechanism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Guide RNA Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. PAM Sequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Off-target Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Other Gene Editing Tools
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Zinc Finger Nucleases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. TALENs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Base Editors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Prime Editors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Applications of Gene Editing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Research Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Therapeutic Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Agricultural Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Recombinant Protein Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Expression Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bacterial Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Yeast Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mammalian Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Insect Cell Expression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Protein Purification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Affinity Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ion Exchange Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Size Exclusion Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Protein Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Post-translational Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Protein Engineering

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. Pathophysiology: The Basis of Disease