Biomedical Science

  1. Pathophysiology: The Basis of Disease
    1. Cellular Responses to Stress and Injury
      1. Cellular Adaptation
        1. Hypertrophy
          1. Physiological Hypertrophy
            1. Pathological Hypertrophy
              1. Molecular Mechanisms
              2. Atrophy
                1. Disuse Atrophy
                  1. Denervation Atrophy
                    1. Ischemic Atrophy
                      1. Nutritional Atrophy
                      2. Hyperplasia
                        1. Physiological Hyperplasia
                          1. Pathological Hyperplasia
                            1. Hormonal Hyperplasia
                            2. Metaplasia
                              1. Squamous Metaplasia
                                1. Respiratory Metaplasia
                                  1. Intestinal Metaplasia
                                  2. Dysplasia
                                    1. Epithelial Dysplasia
                                      1. Relationship to Neoplasia
                                    2. Cell Injury
                                      1. Causes of Cell Injury
                                        1. Hypoxia and Ischemia
                                          1. Chemical Agents
                                            1. Physical Agents
                                              1. Infectious Agents
                                                1. Immunologic Reactions
                                                  1. Genetic Defects
                                                    1. Nutritional Imbalances
                                                    2. Mechanisms of Cell Injury
                                                      1. ATP Depletion
                                                        1. Mitochondrial Damage
                                                          1. Influx of Calcium
                                                            1. Accumulation of Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals
                                                              1. Defects in Membrane Permeability
                                                              2. Reversible vs Irreversible Injury
                                                                1. Cellular Swelling
                                                                  1. Fatty Change
                                                                    1. Point of No Return
                                                                  2. Cell Death
                                                                    1. Necrosis
                                                                      1. Coagulative Necrosis
                                                                        1. Liquefactive Necrosis
                                                                          1. Fat Necrosis
                                                                            1. Caseous Necrosis
                                                                              1. Fibrinoid Necrosis
                                                                                1. Gangrenous Necrosis
                                                                                2. Apoptosis
                                                                                  1. Morphological Features
                                                                                    1. Biochemical Features
                                                                                      1. Mechanisms of Apoptosis
                                                                                        1. Intrinsic Pathway
                                                                                          1. Extrinsic Pathway
                                                                                            1. Caspase Cascade
                                                                                            2. Physiological Apoptosis
                                                                                              1. Pathological Apoptosis
                                                                                              2. Autophagy
                                                                                                1. Types of Autophagy
                                                                                                  1. Autophagy Pathway
                                                                                                    1. Role in Disease
                                                                                                  2. Cellular Aging
                                                                                                    1. Theories of Aging
                                                                                                      1. Cellular Senescence
                                                                                                        1. Telomere Shortening
                                                                                                          1. Accumulation of Damage
                                                                                                        2. Inflammation and Repair
                                                                                                          1. Acute Inflammation
                                                                                                            1. Triggers of Acute Inflammation
                                                                                                              1. Vascular Changes
                                                                                                                1. Vasodilation
                                                                                                                  1. Increased Vascular Permeability
                                                                                                                    1. Blood Flow Changes
                                                                                                                    2. Cellular Events
                                                                                                                      1. Neutrophil Recruitment
                                                                                                                        1. Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade
                                                                                                                          1. Phagocytosis
                                                                                                                          2. Chemical Mediators
                                                                                                                            1. Vasoactive Mediators
                                                                                                                              1. Chemotactic Factors
                                                                                                                                1. Plasma Protein-Derived Mediators
                                                                                                                                  1. Lipid Mediators
                                                                                                                                  2. Outcomes of Acute Inflammation
                                                                                                                                    1. Resolution
                                                                                                                                      1. Healing by Connective Tissue Replacement
                                                                                                                                        1. Progression to Chronic Inflammation
                                                                                                                                      2. Chronic Inflammation
                                                                                                                                        1. Causes of Chronic Inflammation
                                                                                                                                          1. Persistent Infections
                                                                                                                                            1. Prolonged Exposure to Toxic Agents
                                                                                                                                              1. Autoimmune Diseases
                                                                                                                                              2. Morphological Features
                                                                                                                                                1. Infiltration by Mononuclear Cells
                                                                                                                                                  1. Tissue Destruction
                                                                                                                                                    1. Attempts at Healing
                                                                                                                                                    2. Cells of Chronic Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Macrophages
                                                                                                                                                        1. Lymphocytes
                                                                                                                                                          1. Plasma Cells
                                                                                                                                                            1. Eosinophils
                                                                                                                                                            2. Granulomatous Inflammation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Epithelioid Cells
                                                                                                                                                                1. Giant Cells
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Examples of Granulomatous Diseases
                                                                                                                                                                2. Tissue Repair and Healing
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Labile Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stable Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Permanent Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Stem Cells in Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Repair by Connective Tissue
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Angiogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fibroblast Proliferation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Collagen Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Wound Healing
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Healing by First Intention
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Healing by Second Intention
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Phases of Wound Healing
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Inflammatory Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Proliferative Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Maturation Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Factors Affecting Healing
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Local Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Systemic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Complications of Wound Healing
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Deficient Scar Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Excessive Scar Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Formation of Contractures
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Hemodynamic Disorders
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Edema
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pathophysiology of Edema
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lymphatic Obstruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sodium Retention
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Types of Edema
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Localized Edema
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Generalized Edema
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pulmonary Edema
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cerebral Edema
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Clinical Consequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Hyperemia and Congestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Active Hyperemia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Passive Congestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Morphological Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Hemorrhage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Types of Hemorrhage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Causes of Hemorrhage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clinical Significance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Thrombosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Virchow's Triad
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Endothelial Injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stasis or Turbulent Blood Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Blood Hypercoagulability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Morphology of Thrombi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fate of Thrombi
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Propagation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Embolization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dissolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Organization and Recanalization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Clinical Correlations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Embolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Types of Emboli
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Thromboembolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fat Embolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Air Embolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Amniotic Fluid Embolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Pulmonary Embolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Systemic Embolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Infarction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Types of Infarction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. White Infarcts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Red Infarcts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Factors Affecting Infarct Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Morphological Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Clinical Examples
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Shock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Types of Shock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cardiogenic Shock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hypovolemic Shock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Septic Shock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Neurogenic Shock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Anaphylactic Shock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pathogenesis of Shock
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Compensatory Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Progressive Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Irreversible Stage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Cellular and Tissue Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Neoplasia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Definitions and Nomenclature
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Neoplasm vs Tumor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Benign vs Malignant
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nomenclature of Tumors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Characteristics of Benign Tumors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Growth Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Microscopic Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Characteristics of Malignant Tumors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Growth Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Microscopic Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Invasion and Metastasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Differentiation and Anaplasia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Well-Differentiated Tumors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Poorly Differentiated Tumors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Anaplastic Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Molecular Basis of Cancer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Oncogenes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Growth Factor Receptors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Signal Transduction Proteins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Transcription Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Cycle Regulators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Tumor Suppressor Genes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. p53 Gene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Rb Gene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. APC Gene
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. BRCA1 and BRCA2
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Genes Regulating Apoptosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. DNA Repair Genes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hallmarks of Cancer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Insensitivity to Growth-Inhibitory Signals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Evasion of Apoptosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Limitless Replicative Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sustained Angiogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tissue Invasion and Metastasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Tumor Invasion and Metastasis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanisms of Invasion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Loosening of Intercellular Junctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Degradation of ECM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Changes in Attachment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Motility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pathways of Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Direct Seeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lymphatic Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Hematogenous Spread
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Metastatic Cascade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Invasion of ECM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Intravasation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Extravasation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Colonization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Carcinogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Initiation-Promotion-Progression Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chemical Carcinogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Direct-Acting Carcinogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Indirect-Acting Carcinogens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Radiation Carcinogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ionizing Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ultraviolet Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanisms of DNA Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Viral Carcinogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. DNA Viruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. RNA Viruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanisms of Transformation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Helicobacter pylori and Cancer
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Host Defense Against Tumors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tumor Antigens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Immune Surveillance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Immune Evasion by Tumors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Clinical Features of Neoplasia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Local Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Systemic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Paraneoplastic Syndromes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Grading and Staging

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            5. Medical Microbiology