Lin–Tsien equation
The Lin–Tsien equation (named after C. C. Lin and H. S. Tsien) is an integrable partial differential equation Integrability of this equation follows from its being, modulo an appropriate linear change
Multigrid method
In numerical analysis, a multigrid method (MG method) is an algorithm for solving differential equations using a hierarchy of discretizations. They are an example of a class of techniques called multi
Exner equation
The Exner equation is a statement of conservation of mass that applies to sediment in a fluvial system such as a river. It was developed by the Austrian meteorologist and sedimentologist Felix Maria E
Kaup–Kupershmidt equation
The Kaup–Kupershmidt equation (named after David J. Kaup and Boris Abram Kupershmidt) is the nonlinear fifth-order partial differential equation It is the first equation in a hierarchy of integrable e
Babuška–Lax–Milgram theorem
In mathematics, the Babuška–Lax–Milgram theorem is a generalization of the famous Lax–Milgram theorem, which gives conditions under which a bilinear form can be "inverted" to show the existence and un
Vibrations of a circular membrane
A two-dimensional elastic membrane under tension can support transverse vibrations. The properties of an idealized drumhead can be modeled by the vibrations of a circular membrane of uniform thickness
Minkowski problem
In differential geometry, the Minkowski problem, named after Hermann Minkowski, asks for the construction of a strictly convex compact surface S whose Gaussian curvature is specified. More precisely,
Perron method
In the mathematical study of harmonic functions, the Perron method, also known as the method of subharmonic functions, is a technique introduced by Oskar Perron for the solution of the Dirichlet probl
Multidimensional system
In mathematical systems theory, a multidimensional system or m-D system is a system in which not only one independent variable exists (like time), but there are several independent variables. Importan
Nonlinear partial differential equation
In mathematics and physics, a nonlinear partial differential equation is a partial differential equation with nonlinear terms. They describe many different physical systems, ranging from gravitation t
Raviart–Thomas basis functions
In applied mathematics, Raviart–Thomas basis functions are vector basis functions used in finite element and boundary element methods. They are regularly used as basis functions when working in electr
Self-similar solution
In the study of partial differential equations, particularly in fluid dynamics, a self-similar solution is a form of solution which is similar to itself if the independent and dependent variables are
Homotopy principle
In mathematics, the homotopy principle (or h-principle) is a very general way to solve partial differential equations (PDEs), and more generally (PDRs). The h-principle is good for underdetermined PDE
Knudsen paradox
The Knudsen paradox has been observed in experiments of channel flow with varying channel width or equivalently different pressures. If the normalized mass flux through the channel is plotted over the
Spectral element method
In the numerical solution of partial differential equations, a topic in mathematics, the spectral element method (SEM) is a formulation of the finite element method (FEM) that uses high degree piecewi
Computational electromagnetics
Computational electromagnetics (CEM), computational electrodynamics or electromagnetic modeling is the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the envir
Omega equation
The omega equation is a culminating result in synoptic-scale meteorology. It is an elliptic partial differential equation, named because its left-hand side produces an estimate of vertical velocity, c
Potential theory
In mathematics and mathematical physics, potential theory is the study of harmonic functions. The term "potential theory" was coined in 19th-century physics when it was realized that two fundamental f
Pseudoanalytic function
In mathematics, pseudoanalytic functions are functions introduced by Lipman Bers that generalize analytic functions and satisfy a weakened form of the Cauchy–Riemann equations.
Inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation
In electromagnetism and applications, an inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, or nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation, is one of a set of wave equations describing the propagation of e
Maxwell's equations
Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, c
Riemann invariant
Riemann invariants are mathematical transformations made on a system of conservation equations to make them more easily solvable. Riemann invariants are constant along the characteristic curves of the
Calogero–Degasperis–Fokas equation
In mathematics, the Calogero–Degasperis–Fokas equation is the nonlinear partial differential equation This equation was named after F. Calogero, , and A. Fokas.
Hopf lemma
In mathematics, the Hopf lemma, named after Eberhard Hopf, states that if a continuous real-valued function in a domain in Euclidean space with sufficiently smooth boundary is harmonic in the interior
Separation of variables
In mathematics, separation of variables (also known as the Fourier method) is any of several methods for solving ordinary and partial differential equations, in which algebra allows one to rewrite an
KdV hierarchy
In mathematics, the KdV hierarchy is an infinite sequence of partial differential equations which starts with the Korteweg–de Vries equation.
Integrable system
In mathematics, integrability is a property of certain dynamical systems. While there are several distinct formal definitions, informally speaking, an integrable system is a dynamical system with suff
Ernst equation
In mathematics, the Ernst equation is an integrable non-linear partial differential equation, named after the American physicist .
Maximum principle
In the mathematical fields of partial differential equations and geometric analysis, the maximum principle is any of a collection of results and techniques of fundamental importance in the study of el
Yang–Mills–Higgs equations
In mathematics, the Yang–Mills–Higgs equations are a set of non-linear partial differential equations for a Yang–Mills field, given by a connection, and a Higgs field, given by a section of a vector b
Sack–Schamel equation
The Sack–Schamel equation describes the nonlinear evolution of the cold ion fluid in a two-component plasma under the influence of a self-organized electric field. It is a partial differential equatio
Alternating-direction implicit method
In numerical linear algebra, the alternating-direction implicit (ADI) method is an iterative method used to solve Sylvester matrix equations. It is a popular method for solving the large matrix equati
Spherical harmonics
In mathematics and physical science, spherical harmonics are special functions defined on the surface of a sphere. They are often employed in solving partial differential equations in many scientific
PDE-constrained optimization
PDE-constrained optimization is a subset of mathematical optimization where at least one of the constraints may be expressed as a partial differential equation. Typical domains where these problems ar
Screened Poisson equation
In physics, the screened Poisson equation is a Poisson equation, which arises in (for example) the Klein–Gordon equation, electric field screening in plasmas, and nonlocal granular fluidity in granula
Duhamel's principle
In mathematics, and more specifically in partial differential equations, Duhamel's principle is a general method for obtaining solutions to inhomogeneous linear evolution equations like the heat equat
Monge equation
In the mathematical theory of partial differential equations, a Monge equation, named after Gaspard Monge, is a first-order partial differential equation for an unknown function u in the independent v
D'Alembert's formula
In mathematics, and specifically partial differential equations (PDEs), d'Alembert's formula is the general solution to the one-dimensional wave equation (where subscript indices indicate partial diff
Allen–Cahn equation
The Allen–Cahn equation (after John W. Cahn and Sam Allen) is a reaction–diffusion equation of mathematical physics which describes the process of phase separation in multi-component alloy systems, in
Sturm–Liouville theory
In mathematics and its applications, classical Sturm–Liouville theory is the theory of real second-order linear ordinary differential equations of the form: for given coefficient functions p(x), q(x),
Cartan–Kähler theorem
In mathematics, the Cartan–Kähler theorem is a major result on the integrability conditions for differential systems, in the case of analytic functions, for differential ideals . It is named for Élie
Hypoelliptic operator
In the theory of partial differential equations, a partial differential operator defined on an open subset is called hypoelliptic if for every distribution defined on an open subset such that is (smoo
Mixed boundary condition
In mathematics, a mixed boundary condition for a partial differential equation defines a boundary value problem in which the solution of the given equation is required to satisfy different boundary co
Spherical mean
In mathematics, the spherical mean of a function around a point is the average of all values of that function on a sphere of given radius centered at that point.
Boltzmann equation
The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium, devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872.The classi
Groundwater flow equation
Used in hydrogeology, the groundwater flow equation is the mathematical relationship which is used to describe the flow of groundwater through an aquifer. The transient flow of groundwater is describe
Sobolev spaces for planar domains
In mathematics, Sobolev spaces for planar domains are one of the principal techniques used in the theory of partial differential equations for solving the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary value problems
Asymptotic homogenization
In mathematics and physics, homogenization is a method of studying partial differential equations with rapidly oscillating coefficients, such as where is a very small parameter and is a 1-periodic coe
Euler–Poisson–Darboux equation
In mathematics, the Euler–Poisson–Darboux equation is the partial differential equation This equation is named for Siméon Poisson, Leonhard Euler, and Gaston Darboux. It plays an important role in sol
Partial differential algebraic equation
In mathematics a partial differential algebraic equation (PDAE) set is an incomplete system of partial differential equations that is closed with a set of algebraic equations.
Navier–Stokes equations
In physics, the Navier–Stokes equations (/nævˈjeɪ stoʊks/ nav-YAY STOHKS) are partial differential equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances, named after French engineer and phys
Eikonal equation
An eikonal equation (from Greek εἰκών, image) is a non-linear (non-linear in x not in the unknown u) first-order partial differential equation that is encountered in problems of wave propagation. The
Cartan–Kuranishi prolongation theorem
Given an exterior differential system defined on a manifold M, the Cartan–Kuranishi prolongation theorem says that after a finite number of prolongations the system is either in involution (admits at
Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation
In mathematics and physics, the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (often abbreviated as KP equation) is a partial differential equation to describe nonlinear wave motion. Named after Boris Borisovich Ka
Fundamental solution
In mathematics, a fundamental solution for a linear partial differential operator L is a formulation in the language of distribution theory of the older idea of a Green's function (although unlike Gre
Jeans equations
The Jeans equations are a set of partial differential equations that describe the motion of a collection of stars in a gravitational field. The Jeans equations relate the second-order velocity moments
Caloric polynomial
In differential equations, the mth-degree caloric polynomial (or heat polynomial) is a "parabolically m-homogeneous" polynomial Pm(x, t) that satisfies the heat equation "Parabolically m-homogeneous"
Ladyzhenskaya–Babuška–Brezzi condition
In numerical partial differential equations, the Ladyzhenskaya–Babuška–Brezzi (LBB) condition is a sufficient condition for a saddle point problem to have a unique solution that depends continuously o
Monge cone
In the mathematical theory of partial differential equations (PDE), the Monge cone is a geometrical object associated with a first-order equation. It is named for Gaspard Monge. In two dimensions, let
First-order partial differential equation
In mathematics, a first-order partial differential equation is a partial differential equation that involves only first derivatives of the unknown function of n variables. The equation takes the form
Hessian equation
In mathematics, k-Hessian equations (or Hessian equations for short) are partial differential equations (PDEs) based on the Hessian matrix. More specifically, a Hessian equation is the k-trace, or the
Phase space method
In applied mathematics, the phase space method is a technique for constructing and analyzing solutions of dynamical systems, that is, solving time-dependent differential equations. The method consists
Dirichlet problem
In mathematics, a Dirichlet problem is the problem of finding a function which solves a specified partial differential equation (PDE) in the interior of a given region that takes prescribed values on
Dirichlet's principle
In mathematics, and particularly in potential theory, Dirichlet's principle is the assumption that the minimizer of a certain energy functional is a solution to Poisson's equation.
Hasegawa–Mima equation
In plasma physics, the Hasegawa–Mima equation, named after Akira Hasegawa and Kunioki Mima, is an equation that describes a certain regime of plasma, where the time scales are very fast, and the dista
Infinite element method
The infinite element method is a numerical method for solving problems of engineering and mathematical physics. It is a modification of finite element method. The method divides the domain concerned i
Shallow water equations
The shallow-water equations (SWE) are a set of hyperbolic partial differential equations (or parabolic if viscous shear is considered) that describe the flow below a pressure surface in a fluid (somet
Riemann–Hilbert problem
In mathematics, Riemann–Hilbert problems, named after Bernhard Riemann and David Hilbert, are a class of problems that arise in the study of differential equations in the complex plane. Several existe
Weak formulation
Weak formulations are important tools for the analysis of mathematical equations that permit the transfer of concepts of linear algebra to solve problems in other fields such as partial differential e
Degasperis–Procesi equation
In mathematical physics, the Degasperis–Procesi equation is one of only two exactly solvable equations in the following family of third-order, non-linear, dispersive PDEs: where and b are real paramet
Dispersionless equation
Dispersionless (or quasi-classical) limits of integrable partial differential equations (PDE) arise in various problems of mathematics and physics and have been intensively studied in recent literatur
Isothermal coordinates
In mathematics, specifically in differential geometry, isothermal coordinates on a Riemannian manifold are local coordinates where the metric is conformal to the Euclidean metric. This means that in i
Monge–Ampère equation
In mathematics, a (real) Monge–Ampère equation is a nonlinear second-order partial differential equation of special kind. A second-order equation for the unknown function u of two variables x,y is of
Global mode
In mathematics and physics, a global mode of a system is one in which the system executes coherent oscillations in time. Suppose a quantity which depends on space and time is governed by some partial
Noether's theorem
Noether's theorem or Noether's first theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law. The theorem was
Semi-elliptic operator
In mathematics — specifically, in the theory of partial differential equations — a semi-elliptic operator is a partial differential operator satisfying a positivity condition slightly weaker than that
Well-posed problem
The mathematical term well-posed problem stems from a definition given by 20th-century French mathematician Jacques Hadamard. He believed that mathematical models of physical phenomena should have the
Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
In theoretical physics, the (one-dimensional) nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is a nonlinear variation of the Schrödinger equation. It is a classical field equation whose principal applications
Analytic semigroup
In mathematics, an analytic semigroup is particular kind of strongly continuous semigroup. Analytic semigroups are used in the solution of partial differential equations; compared to strongly continuo
Generalized Korteweg–De Vries equation
In mathematics, a generalized Korteweg–De Vries equation (Masayoshi Tsutsumi, Toshio Mukasa & Riichi Iino ) is the nonlinear partial differential equation The function fis sometimes taken to be f(u) =
Analysis of partial differential equations
The mathematical analysis of partial differential equations uses analytical techniques to study partial differential equations. The subject has connections to and motivations from physics and differen
Yang–Mills equations
In physics and mathematics, and especially differential geometry and gauge theory, the Yang–Mills equations are a system of partial differential equations for a connection on a vector bundle or princi
Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations
The intent of this article is to highlight the important points of the derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations as well as its application and formulation for different families of fluids.
Stochastic processes and boundary value problems
In mathematics, some boundary value problems can be solved using the methods of stochastic analysis. Perhaps the most celebrated example is Shizuo Kakutani's 1944 solution of the Dirichlet problem for
Schamel equation
The Schamel equation (S-equation) is a nonlinear partial differential equation of first order in time and third order in space. Similar to a Korteweg de Vries equation (KdV), it describes the developm
Zakharov system
In mathematics, the Zakharov system is a system of non-linear partial differential equations, introduced by Vladimir Zakharov in 1972 to describe the propagation of Langmuir waves in an ionized plasma
Perfectly matched layer
A perfectly matched layer (PML) is an artificial absorbing layer for wave equations, commonly used to truncate computational regions in numerical methods to simulate problems with open boundaries, esp
Seiberg–Witten invariants
In mathematics, and especially gauge theory, Seiberg–Witten invariants are invariants of compact smooth oriented 4-manifolds introduced by Edward Witten, using the Seiberg–Witten theory studied by Nat
Soil moisture velocity equation
The soil moisture velocity equation describes the speed that water moves vertically through unsaturated soil under the combined actions of gravity and capillarity, a process known as infiltration. The
Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation
In optimal control theory, the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation gives a necessary and sufficient condition for optimality of a control with respect to a loss function. It is, in general, a nonli
Neumann–Poincaré operator
In mathematics, the Neumann–Poincaré operator or Poincaré–Neumann operator, named after Carl Neumann and Henri Poincaré, is a non-self-adjoint compact operator introduced by Poincaré to solve boundary
Beltrami equation
In mathematics, the Beltrami equation, named after Eugenio Beltrami, is the partial differential equation for w a complex distribution of the complex variable z in some open set U, with derivatives th
Zakharov–Schulman system
In mathematics, the Zakharov–Schulman system is a system of nonlinear partial differential equations introduced in to describe the interactions of small amplitude, high frequency waves with acoustic w
Dynamic simulation
Dynamic simulation (or dynamic system simulation) is the use of a computer program to model the time-varying behavior of a dynamical system. The systems are typically described by ordinary differentia
Deformed Hermitian Yang–Mills equation
In mathematics and theoretical physics, and especially gauge theory, the deformed Hermitian Yang–Mills (dHYM) equation is a differential equation describing the equations of motion for a D-brane in th
Motz's problem
In mathematics, Motz's problem is a problem which is widely employed as a benchmark for singularity problems to compare the effectiveness of numerical methods. The problem was first presented in 1947
Parametrix
In mathematics, and specifically the field of partial differential equations (PDEs), a parametrix is an approximation to a fundamental solution of a PDE, and is essentially an approximate inverse to a
Secondary calculus and cohomological physics
In mathematics, secondary calculus is a proposed expansion of classical differential calculus on manifolds, to the "space" of solutions of a (nonlinear) partial differential equation. It is a sophisti
Hartree equation
In 1927, a year after the publication of the Schrödinger equation, Hartree formulated what are now known asthe Hartree equations for atoms, using the concept of self-consistency that Lindsay had intro
Ishimori equation
The Ishimori equation is a partial differential equation proposed by the Japanese mathematician . Its interest is as the first example of a nonlinear spin-one field model in the plane that is integrab
Chaplygin's equation
In gas dynamics, Chaplygin's equation, named after Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin (1902), is a partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow. It is Here, is the speed of sound, det
Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness
The Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness problem concerns the mathematical properties of solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations, a system of partial differential equations that describe the motion
Dynamic design analysis method
The dynamic design analysis method (DDAM) is a US Navy-developed analytical procedure for evaluating the design of equipment subject to dynamic loading caused by underwater explosions (UNDEX). The ana
Pseudo-differential operator
In mathematical analysis a pseudo-differential operator is an extension of the concept of differential operator. Pseudo-differential operators are used extensively in the theory of partial differentia
Stochastic partial differential equation
Stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) generalize partial differential equations via random force terms and coefficients, in the same way ordinary stochastic differential equations generali
Hermitian Yang–Mills connection
In mathematics, and in particular gauge theory and complex geometry, a Hermitian Yang–Mills connection (or Hermite-Einstein connection) is a Chern connection associated to an inner product on a holomo
Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation
In physics, the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation, named for Lev Landau, Evgeny Lifshitz, and , is a name used for a differential equation describing the precessional motion of magnetization M in a sol
Fast sweeping method
In applied mathematics, the fast sweeping method is a numerical method for solving boundary value problems of the Eikonal equation. where is an open set in , is a function with positive values, is a w
Föppl–von Kármán equations
The Föppl–von Kármán equations, named after August Föppl and Theodore von Kármán, are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations describing the large deflections of thin flat plates. With appli
Swift–Hohenberg equation
The Swift–Hohenberg equation (named after Jack B. Swift and Pierre Hohenberg) is a partial differential equation noted for its pattern-forming behaviour. It takes the form where u = u(x, t) or u = u(x
Method of quantum characteristics
Quantum characteristics are phase-space trajectories that arise in the phase space formulation of quantum mechanics through the Wigner transform of Heisenberg operators of canonical coordinates and mo
Finite water-content vadose zone flow method
The finite water-content vadose zone flux method represents a one-dimensional alternative to the numerical solution of Richards' equation for simulating the movement of water in unsaturated soils. The
Finite element method
The finite element method (FEM) is a popular method for numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modeling. Typical problem areas of interest include the tradi
Calabi flow
In the mathematical fields of differential geometry and geometric analysis, the Calabi flow is a geometric flow which deforms a Kähler metric on a complex manifold. Precisely, given a Kähler manifold
Klein–Kramers equation
In physics and mathematics, the Klein–Kramers equation is a partial differential equation that describes the probability density function f (r, p, t) of a Brownian particle in phase space (r, p). In o
Change of variables (PDE)
Often a partial differential equation can be reduced to a simpler form with a known solution by a suitable change of variables. The article discusses change of variable for PDEs below in two ways: 1.
ZFK equation
ZFK equation, abbreviation for Zeldovich–Frank-Kamenetskii equation, is a reaction–diffusion equation that models premixed flame propagation. The equation is named after Yakov Zeldovich and David A. F
John's equation
John's equation is an ultrahyperbolic partial differential equation satisfied by the X-ray transform of a function. It is named after Fritz John. Given a function with compact support the X-ray transf
Bessel potential
In mathematics, the Bessel potential is a potential (named after Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel) similar to the Riesz potential but with better decay properties at infinity. If s is a complex number with po
Fokas method
The Fokas method, or unified transform, is an algorithmic procedure for analysing boundary value problems for linear partial differential equations and for an important class of nonlinear PDEs belongi
Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime
In physics, Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime govern the dynamics of the electromagnetic field in curved spacetime (where the metric may not be the Minkowski metric) or where one uses an arbitra
Invariant factorization of LPDOs
The factorization of a linear partial differential operator (LPDO) is an important issue in the theory of integrability, due to the Laplace-Darboux transformations, which allow construction of integra
Partial differential equation
In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation which imposes relations between the various partial derivatives of a multivariable function. The function is often thought of as an
Korteweg–De Vries equation
In mathematics, the Korteweg–De Vries (KdV) equation is a mathematical model of waves on shallow water surfaces. It is particularly notable as the prototypical example of an exactly solvable model, th
Novikov–Veselov equation
In mathematics, the Novikov–Veselov equation (or Veselov–Novikov equation) is a natural (2+1)-dimensional analogue of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. Unlike another (2+1)-dimensional analogue of
Overdetermined system
In mathematics, a system of equations is considered overdetermined if there are more equations than unknowns. An overdetermined system is almost always inconsistent (it has no solution) when construct
Cauchy momentum equation
The Cauchy momentum equation is a vector partial differential equation put forth by Cauchy that describes the non-relativistic momentum transport in any continuum.
Landau–Lifshitz model
In solid-state physics, the Landau–Lifshitz equation (LLE), named for Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, is a partial differential equation describing time evolution of magnetism in solids, depending on
Charpit method
The Charpit method is a method for finding solutions of second-order partial differential equations in mathematics. The second-order partial differential equation is (1). (2) Then the general solution
Stochastic homogenization
In homogenization theory, a branch of mathematics, stochastic homogenization is a technique for understanding solutions to partial differential equations with oscillatory random coefficients.
Hilbert's nineteenth problem
Hilbert's nineteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems, set out in a list compiled in 1900 by David Hilbert. It asks whether the solutions of regular problems in the calculus of variations are
Kundu equation
The Kundu equation is a general form of integrable system that is gauge-equivalent to the mixed nonlinear Schrödinger equation. It was proposed by Anjan Kundu as with arbitrary function and the subscr
Forward problem of electrocardiology
The forward problem of electrocardiology is a computational and mathematical approach to study the electrical activity of the heart through the body surface. The principal aim of this study is to comp
Weyl law
In mathematics, especially spectral theory, Weyl's law describes the asymptotic behavior of eigenvalues of the Laplace–Beltrami operator. This description was discovered in 1911 (in the case) by Herma
Noether's second theorem
In mathematics and theoretical physics, Noether's second theorem relates symmetries of an action functional with a system of differential equations. The action S of a physical system is an integral of
Fisher's equation
In mathematics, Fisher's equation (named after statistician and biologist Ronald Fisher) also known as the Kolmogorov–Petrovsky–Piskunov equation (named after Andrey Kolmogorov, Ivan Petrovsky, and Ni
Cahn–Hilliard equation
The Cahn–Hilliard equation (after John W. Cahn and ) is an equation of mathematical physics which describes the process of phase separation, by which the two components of a binary fluid spontaneously
Total variation denoising
In signal processing, particularly image processing, total variation denoising, also known as total variation regularization or total variation filtering, is a noise removal process (filter). It is ba
Clarke's equation
In combustion, Clarke's equation is a third-order nonlinear partial differential equation, first derived by John Frederick Clarke in 1978. The equation describes the thermal explosion process, includi
Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation
In mathematics, the Kardar–Parisi–Zhang (KPZ) equation is a non-linear stochastic partial differential equation, introduced by Mehran Kardar, Giorgio Parisi, and Yi-Cheng Zhang in 1986. It describes t
Soliton
In mathematics and physics, a soliton or solitary wave is a self-reinforcing wave packet that maintains its shape while it propagates at a constant velocity. Solitons are caused by a cancellation of n
Diffusion equation
The diffusion equation is a parabolic partial differential equation. In physics, it describes the macroscopic behavior of many micro-particles in Brownian motion, resulting from the random movements a
Algebraic analysis
Algebraic analysis is an area of mathematics that deals with systems of linear partial differential equations by using sheaf theory and complex analysis to study properties and generalizations of func
Dirichlet eigenvalue
In mathematics, the Dirichlet eigenvalues are the fundamental modes of vibration of an idealized drum with a given shape. The problem of whether one can hear the shape of a drum is: given the Dirichle
Method of characteristics
In mathematics, the method of characteristics is a technique for solving partial differential equations. Typically, it applies to first-order equations, although more generally the method of character
Diffiety
In mathematics, a diffiety (/dəˈfaɪəˌtiː/) is a geometrical object which plays the same role in the modern theory of partial differential equations that algebraic varieties play for algebraic equation
Lamm equation
The Lamm equation describes the sedimentation and diffusion of a solute under ultracentrifugation in traditional sector-shaped cells. (Cells ofother shapes require much more complex equations.) It was
Richards equation
The Richards equation represents the movement of water in unsaturated soils, and is attributed to Lorenzo A. Richards who published the equation in 1931. It is a quasilinear partial differential equat
Continuity equation
A continuity equation or transport equation is an equation that describes the transport of some quantity. It is particularly simple and powerful when applied to a conserved quantity, but it can be gen
A priori estimate
In the theory of partial differential equations, an a priori estimate (also called an apriori estimate or a priori bound) is an estimate for the size of a solution or its derivatives of a partial diff
Primitive equations
The primitive equations are a set of nonlinear partial differential equations that are used to approximate global atmospheric flow and are used in most atmospheric models. They consist of three main s
Elliptic partial differential equation
Second-order linear partial differential equations (PDEs) are classified as either elliptic, hyperbolic, or parabolic. Any second-order linear PDE in two variables can be written in the form where A,
Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation
The Benjamin–Bona–Mahony equation (BBM equation, also regularized long-wave equation; RLWE) is the partial differential equation This equation was studied in Benjamin, Bona, and as an improvement of t
Spheroidal wave function
Spheroidal wave functions are solutions of the Helmholtz equation that are found by writing the equation in spheroidal coordinates and applying the technique of separation of variables, just like the
Camassa–Holm equation
In fluid dynamics, the Camassa–Holm equation is the integrable, dimensionless and non-linear partial differential equation The equation was introduced by and Darryl Holm as a bi-Hamiltonian model for
D-module
In mathematics, a D-module is a module over a ring D of differential operators. The major interest of such D-modules is as an approach to the theory of linear partial differential equations. Since aro
Fichera's existence principle
In mathematics, and particularly in functional analysis, Fichera's existence principle is an existence and uniqueness theorem for solution of functional equations, proved by Gaetano Fichera in 1954. M
Dispersive partial differential equation
In mathematics, a dispersive partial differential equation or dispersive PDE is a partial differential equation that is dispersive. In this context, dispersion means that waves of different wavelength
Mason–Weaver equation
The Mason–Weaver equation (named after Max Mason and Warren Weaver) describes the sedimentation and diffusion of solutes under a uniform force, usually a gravitational field. Assuming that the gravita
Calderón projector
In applied mathematics, the Calderón projector is a pseudo-differential operator used widely in boundary element methods. It is named after Alberto Calderón.
Bateman transform
In the mathematical study of partial differential equations, the Bateman transform is a method for solving the Laplace equation in four dimensions and wave equation in three by using a line integral o
Klein–Gordon equation
The Klein–Gordon equation (Klein–Fock–Gordon equation or sometimes Klein–Gordon–Fock equation) is a relativistic wave equation, related to the Schrödinger equation. It is second-order in space and tim
Einstein field equations
In the general theory of relativity, the Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of matter within it. The equations were
Lions–Lax–Milgram theorem
In mathematics, the Lions–Lax–Milgram theorem (or simply Lions's theorem) is a result in functional analysis with applications in the study of partial differential equations. It is a generalization of
Field equation
In theoretical physics and applied mathematics, a field equation is a partial differential equation which determines the dynamics of a physical field, specifically the time evolution and spatial distr
Walk-on-spheres method
In mathematics, the walk-on-spheres method (WoS) is a numerical probabilistic algorithm, or Monte-Carlo method, used mainly in order to approximate the solutions of some specific boundary value proble
Lewy's example
In the mathematical study of partial differential equations, Lewy's example is a celebrated example, due to Hans Lewy, of a linear partial differential equation with no solutions. It shows that the an
Petrov–Galerkin method
The Petrov–Galerkin method is a mathematical method used to approximate solutions of partial differential equations which contain terms with odd order and where the test function and solution function
Extended finite element method
The extended finite element method (XFEM), is a numerical technique based on the generalized finite element method (GFEM) and the partition of unity method (PUM). It extends the classical finite eleme
Cauchy problem
A Cauchy problem in mathematics asks for the solution of a partial differential equation that satisfies certain conditions that are given on a hypersurface in the domain. A Cauchy problem can be an in
Hunter–Saxton equation
In mathematical physics, the Hunter–Saxton equation is an integrable PDE that arises in the theoretical study of nematic liquid crystals. If the molecules in the liquid crystal are initially all align
Newtonian potential
In mathematics, the Newtonian potential or Newton potential is an operator in vector calculus that acts as the inverse to the negative Laplacian, on functions that are smooth and decay rapidly enough
Domain (mathematical analysis)
In mathematical analysis, a domain or region is a non-empty connected open set in a topological space, in particular any non-empty connected open subset of the real coordinate space Rn or the complex
Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound
The Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound (named after , M.K. Prasad, and Charles Sommerfield) is a series of inequalities for solutions of partial differential equations depending on the homotopy clas
Poisson's equation
Poisson's equation is an elliptic partial differential equation of broad utility in theoretical physics. For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a given electr
Madelung equations
The Madelung equations, or the equations of quantum hydrodynamics, are Erwin Madelung's equivalent alternative formulation of the Schrödinger equation, written in terms of hydrodynamical variables, si
Kuramoto model
The Kuramoto model (or Kuramoto–Daido model), first proposed by Yoshiki Kuramoto (蔵本 由紀, Kuramoto Yoshiki), is a mathematical model used to describing synchronization. More specifically, it is a model
Smoothed finite element method
Smoothed finite element methods (S-FEM) are a particular class of numerical simulation algorithms for the simulation of physical phenomena. It was developed by combining meshfree methods with the fini
Elliptic boundary value problem
In mathematics, an elliptic boundary value problem is a special kind of boundary value problem which can be thought of as the stable state of an . For example, the Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian
Hearing the shape of a drum
To hear the shape of a drum is to infer information about the shape of the drumhead from the sound it makes, i.e., from the list of overtones, via the use of mathematical theory. "Can One Hear the Sha
Poincaré–Lelong equation
In mathematics, the Poincaré–Lelong equation, studied by Lelong, is the partial differential equation on a Kähler manifold, where ρ is a positive (1,1)-form.
Energy operator
In quantum mechanics, energy is defined in terms of the energy operator, acting on the wave function of the system as a consequence of time translation symmetry.
Schrödinger equation
The Schrödinger equation is a linear partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system. It is a key result in quantum mechanics, and its discovery was a signi
Bidomain model
The bidomain model is a mathematical model to define the electrical activity of the heart. It consists in a continuum (volume-average) approach in which the cardiac mictrostructure is defined in terms
Gårding's inequality
In mathematics, Gårding's inequality is a result that gives a lower bound for the bilinear form induced by a real linear elliptic partial differential operator. The inequality is named after Lars Gård
Discontinuous Galerkin method
In applied mathematics, discontinuous Galerkin methods (DG methods) form a class of numerical methods for solving differential equations. They combine features of the finite element and the finite vol
Method of lines
The method of lines (MOL, NMOL, NUMOL) is a technique for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) in which all but one dimension is discretized. By reducing a PDE to a single continuous dimensio
Riesz potential
In mathematics, the Riesz potential is a potential named after its discoverer, the Hungarian mathematician Marcel Riesz. In a sense, the Riesz potential defines an inverse for a power of the Laplace o
Whitham equation
In mathematical physics, the Whitham equation is a non-local model for non-linear dispersive waves. The equation is notated as follows : This integro-differential equation for the oscillatory variable
Euler–Lagrange equation
In the calculus of variations and classical mechanics, the Euler–Lagrange equations are a system of second-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions are stationary points of the given acti
Black-oil equations
The black-oil equations are a set of partial differential equations that describe fluid flow in a petroleum reservoir, constituting the mathematical framework for a black-oil reservoir simulator. The
Kansa method
The Kansa method is a computer method used to solve partial differential equations. Its main advantage is it is very easy to understand and program on a computer. It is much less complicated than the
Euler–Tricomi equation
In mathematics, the Euler–Tricomi equation is a linear partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow. It is named for Leonhard Euler and Francesco Giacomo Tricomi. It is elliptic
Cauchy surface
In the mathematical field of Lorentzian geometry, a Cauchy surface is a certain kind of submanifold of a Lorentzian manifold. In the application of Lorentzian geometry to the physics of general relati
Consumption distribution
In economics, the consumption distribution is an alternative to the income distribution for judging economic inequality, comparing levels of consumption rather than income or wealth.
Hamilton–Jacobi equation
In physics, the Hamilton–Jacobi equation, named after William Rowan Hamilton and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, is an alternative formulation of classical mechanics, equivalent to other formulations such a
Integrable algorithm
Integrable algorithms are numerical algorithms that rely on basic ideas from the mathematical theory of integrable systems.
Loubignac iteration
In applied mathematics, Loubignac iteration is an iterative method in finite element methods. It gives continuous stress field. It is named after Gilles Loubignac, who published the method in 1977.
Population balance equation
Population balance equations (PBEs) have been introduced in several branches of modern science, mainly in Chemical Engineering, to describe the evolution of a population of particles. This includes to
Dirac equation
In particle physics, the Dirac equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by British physicist Paul Dirac in 1928. In its free form, or including electromagnetic interactions, it describes all s
Dirichlet energy
In mathematics, the Dirichlet energy is a measure of how variable a function is. More abstractly, it is a quadratic functional on the Sobolev space H1. The Dirichlet energy is intimately connected to
Hadamard's method of descent
In mathematics, the method of descent is the term coined by the French mathematician Jacques Hadamard as a method for solving a partial differential equation in several real or complex variables, by r
Bochner space
In mathematics, Bochner spaces are a generalization of the concept of spaces to functions whose values lie in a Banach space which is not necessarily the space or of real or complex numbers. The space
Viscosity solution
In mathematics, the viscosity solution concept was introduced in the early 1980s by Pierre-Louis Lions and Michael G. Crandall as a generalization of the classical concept of what is meant by a 'solut
Wiener–Hopf method
The Wiener–Hopf method is a mathematical technique widely used in applied mathematics. It was initially developed by Norbert Wiener and Eberhard Hopf as a method to solve systems of integral equations
Monodomain model
The monodomain model is a reduction of the bidomain model of the electrical propagation in myocardial tissue.The reduction comes from assuming that the intra- and extracellular domains have equal anis
Dirac equation in curved spacetime
In mathematical physics, the Dirac equation in curved spacetime is a generalization of the Dirac equation from flat spacetime (Minkowski space) to curved spacetime, a general Lorentzian manifold.
Signorini problem
The Signorini problem is an elastostatics problem in linear elasticity: it consists in finding the elastic equilibrium configuration of an anisotropic non-homogeneous elastic body, resting on a rigid
Constraint counting
In mathematics, constraint counting is counting the number of constraints in order to compare it with the number of variables, parameters, etc. that are free to be determined, the idea being that in m
Borel's lemma
In mathematics, Borel's lemma, named after Émile Borel, is an important result used in the theory of asymptotic expansions and partial differential equations.
Harmonic conjugate
In mathematics, a real-valued function defined on a connected open set is said to have a conjugate (function) if and only if they are respectively the real and imaginary parts of a holomorphic functio
Ricci flow
In the mathematical fields of differential geometry and geometric analysis, the Ricci flow (/ˈriːtʃi/ REE-chee, Italian: [ˈrittʃi]), sometimes also referred to as Hamilton's Ricci flow, is a certain p
Cauchy–Riemann equations
In the field of complex analysis in mathematics, the Cauchy–Riemann equations, named after Augustin Cauchy and Bernhard Riemann, consist of a system of two partial differential equations which, togeth
Fourier integral operator
In mathematical analysis, Fourier integral operators have become an important tool in the theory of partial differential equations. The class of Fourier integral operators contains differential operat
Davey–Stewartson equation
In fluid dynamics, the Davey–Stewartson equation (DSE) was introduced in a paper by to describe the evolution of a three-dimensional wave-packet on water of finite depth. It is a system of partial dif
Homotopy analysis method
The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is a semi-analytical technique to solve nonlinear ordinary/partial differential equations. The homotopy analysis method employs the concept of the homotopy from topo
Integrability conditions for differential systems
In mathematics, certain systems of partial differential equations are usefully formulated, from the point of view of their underlying geometric and algebraic structure, in terms of a system of differe
Solid harmonics
In physics and mathematics, the solid harmonics are solutions of the Laplace equation in spherical polar coordinates, assumed to be (smooth) functions . There are two kinds: the regular solid harmonic
Large eddy simulation
Large eddy simulation (LES) is a mathematical model for turbulence used in computational fluid dynamics. It was initially proposed in 1963 by Joseph Smagorinsky to simulate atmospheric air currents, a
Variational inequality
In mathematics, a variational inequality is an inequality involving a functional, which has to be solved for all possible values of a given variable, belonging usually to a convex set. The mathematica
Rarita–Schwinger equation
In theoretical physics, the Rarita–Schwinger equation is therelativistic field equation of spin-3/2 fermions. It is similar to the Dirac equation for spin-1/2 fermions. This equation was first introdu
Saint-Venant's compatibility condition
In the mathematical theory of elasticity, Saint-Venant's compatibility condition defines the relationship between the strain and a displacement field by where . Barré de Saint-Venant derived the compa
Young–Laplace equation
In physics, the Young–Laplace equation (/ləˈplɑːs/) is an algebraic equation that describes the capillary pressure difference sustained across the interface between two static fluids, such as water an
Holmgren's uniqueness theorem
In the theory of partial differential equations, Holmgren's uniqueness theorem, or simply Holmgren's theorem, named after the Swedish mathematician Erik Albert Holmgren (1873–1943), is a uniqueness re
Proper orthogonal decomposition
The proper orthogonal decomposition is a numerical method that enables a reduction in the complexity of computer intensive simulations such as computational fluid dynamics and structural analysis (lik
Inverse scattering transform
In mathematics, the inverse scattering transform is a method for solving some non-linear partial differential equations. The method is a non-linear analogue, and in some sense generalization, of the F
Particle in a spherically symmetric potential
In the quantum mechanics description of a particle in spherical coordinates, a spherically symmetric potential, is a potential that depends only on the distance between the particle and a defined cent
Stefan problem
In mathematics and its applications, particularly to phase transitions in matter, a Stefan problem is a particular kind of boundary value problem for a system of partial differential equations (PDE),
Hörmander's condition
In mathematics, Hörmander's condition is a property of vector fields that, if satisfied, has many useful consequences in the theory of partial and stochastic differential equations. The condition is n
Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem
In mathematics, the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem (also written as the Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem) is the main local existence and uniqueness theorem for analytic partial differential equations associate
Free boundary problem
In mathematics, a free boundary problem (FB problem) is a partial differential equation to be solved for both an unknown function and an unknown domain . The segment of the boundary of which is not kn
Obstacle problem
The obstacle problem is a classic motivating example in the mathematical study of variational inequalities and free boundary problems. The problem is to find the equilibrium position of an elastic mem
P-FEM
p-FEM or the p-version of the finite element method is a numerical method for solving partial differential equations. It is a discretization strategy in which the finite element mesh is fixed and the
Weyl's lemma (Laplace equation)
In mathematics, Weyl's lemma, named after Hermann Weyl, states that every weak solution of Laplace's equation is a smooth solution. This contrasts with the wave equation, for example, which has weak s