Lipid Chemistry and Metabolism

  1. Fatty Acid Anabolism
    1. De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis
      1. Cellular and Subcellular Location
        1. Cytosolic Synthesis
          1. Tissue Distribution
          2. Substrate Requirements
            1. Acetyl-CoA Source
              1. NADPH Requirements
                1. ATP for Activation
                2. Acetyl-CoA Transport from Mitochondria
                  1. Citrate-Pyruvate Cycle
                    1. Citrate Lyase
                      1. Malate-Pyruvate Cycling
                      2. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
                        1. Rate-Limiting Enzyme
                          1. Biotin Cofactor Requirement
                            1. Carboxylation Mechanism
                              1. Regulation
                                1. Allosteric Control
                                  1. Covalent Modification
                                    1. Transcriptional Control
                                  2. Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) Complex
                                    1. Multifunctional Enzyme Structure
                                      1. Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)
                                        1. Phosphopantetheine Prosthetic Group
                                          1. Catalytic Domains
                                            1. Acetyl Transacylase
                                              1. Malonyl Transacylase
                                                1. Condensing Enzyme
                                                  1. Ketoacyl Reductase
                                                    1. Dehydratase
                                                      1. Enoyl Reductase
                                                        1. Thioesterase
                                                        2. Reaction Sequence
                                                          1. Priming with Acetyl-CoA
                                                            1. Condensation with Malonyl-CoA
                                                              1. Reduction (NADPH-dependent)
                                                                1. Dehydration
                                                                  1. Reduction (NADPH-dependent)
                                                                    1. Chain Elongation Cycles
                                                                    2. Product Release
                                                                      1. Palmitic Acid Formation
                                                                        1. Chain Length Determination
                                                                    3. Fatty Acid Modification
                                                                      1. Chain Elongation
                                                                        1. Microsomal Elongation System
                                                                          1. Mitochondrial Elongation
                                                                            1. Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis
                                                                            2. Desaturation
                                                                              1. Fatty Acid Desaturase System
                                                                                1. Delta-9 Desaturase (Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase)
                                                                                  1. Electron Transport Requirements
                                                                                    1. Limitations in Human Desaturation
                                                                                      1. Essential Fatty Acid Requirements
                                                                                    2. Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis
                                                                                      1. Short-Term Regulation
                                                                                        1. Allosteric Control of ACC
                                                                                          1. Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation
                                                                                          2. Long-Term Regulation
                                                                                            1. Transcriptional Control
                                                                                              1. Hormonal Influences
                                                                                                1. Nutritional Status Effects

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                                                                                            7. Fatty Acid Catabolism

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                                                                                            9. Synthesis of Complex Lipids