Lipid Chemistry and Metabolism

  1. Regulation of Lipid Metabolism
    1. Short-Term Regulation
      1. Allosteric Control
        1. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Regulation
          1. Citrate Activation
            1. Palmitoyl-CoA Inhibition
            2. Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Regulation
            3. Covalent Modification
              1. Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation Cycles
                1. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)
                  1. Protein Kinase A (PKA)
                    1. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Phosphorylation
                      1. Hormone-Sensitive Lipase Phosphorylation
                      2. Compartmentalization
                        1. Subcellular Localization
                          1. Metabolic Channeling
                        2. Long-Term Regulation
                          1. Hormonal Control
                            1. Insulin Effects
                              1. Lipogenesis Promotion
                                1. Lipolysis Inhibition
                                  1. Transcriptional Effects
                                  2. Glucagon and Epinephrine Effects
                                    1. Lipolysis Stimulation
                                      1. Lipogenesis Inhibition
                                      2. Cortisol Effects
                                        1. Gluconeogenesis Support
                                          1. Lipolysis Enhancement
                                          2. Thyroid Hormones
                                            1. Metabolic Rate Effects
                                              1. Lipid Turnover
                                            2. Transcriptional Control
                                              1. Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins (SREBP)
                                                1. SREBP-1c (Fatty Acid Synthesis)
                                                  1. SREBP-2 (Cholesterol Synthesis)
                                                    1. Proteolytic Activation
                                                    2. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs)
                                                      1. PPAR-α (Fatty Acid Oxidation)
                                                        1. PPAR-γ (Adipogenesis)
                                                          1. Ligand Activation
                                                          2. Carbohydrate Response Element-Binding Protein (ChREBP)
                                                            1. Glucose-Responsive Transcription
                                                              1. Lipogenic Gene Expression
                                                          3. Integration with Other Metabolic Pathways
                                                            1. Glucose-Fatty Acid Cycle (Randle Cycle)
                                                              1. Reciprocal Regulation
                                                                1. Metabolic Flexibility
                                                                2. Malonyl-CoA as Metabolic Switch
                                                                  1. Fatty Acid Synthesis Substrate
                                                                    1. CPT-I Inhibitor
                                                                      1. Metabolic Coordination
                                                                      2. Fed and Fasted States
                                                                        1. Postprandial Lipid Metabolism
                                                                          1. Fasting Adaptations
                                                                            1. Metabolic Transitions

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                                                                        10. Lipid Signaling and Bioactive Lipids

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                                                                        12. Lipid-Related Pathologies