Lipid Chemistry and Metabolism

  1. Lipid Signaling and Bioactive Lipids
    1. Eicosanoid Metabolism
      1. Arachidonic Acid Release
        1. Phospholipase A2 Activation
          1. Stimulus-Response Coupling
          2. Cyclooxygenase (COX) Pathway
            1. COX-1 and COX-2 Isoforms
              1. Prostaglandin G2 Formation
                1. Prostaglandin H2 Formation
                  1. Tissue-Specific Synthases
                    1. Prostaglandin E Synthase
                      1. Prostaglandin D Synthase
                        1. Prostaglandin F Synthase
                          1. Prostacyclin Synthase
                            1. Thromboxane Synthase
                          2. Lipoxygenase (LOX) Pathways
                            1. 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway
                              1. Leukotriene A4 Formation
                                1. Leukotriene B4 Synthesis
                                  1. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Synthesis
                                  2. 12-Lipoxygenase Pathway
                                    1. 15-Lipoxygenase Pathway
                                    2. Biological Functions of Eicosanoids
                                      1. Inflammation
                                        1. Pain Perception
                                          1. Fever Response
                                            1. Vascular Function
                                              1. Platelet Aggregation
                                                1. Smooth Muscle Contraction
                                              2. Steroid Hormone Synthesis
                                                1. Cholesterol as Precursor
                                                  1. Steroidogenic Tissues
                                                    1. Adrenal Cortex
                                                      1. Gonads
                                                        1. Placenta
                                                        2. Key Enzymatic Steps
                                                          1. Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage
                                                            1. 17α-Hydroxylase
                                                              1. 21-Hydroxylase
                                                                1. 11β-Hydroxylase
                                                                  1. Aromatase
                                                                  2. Hormone Classes
                                                                    1. Glucocorticoids
                                                                      1. Cortisol Synthesis
                                                                        1. Metabolic Functions
                                                                        2. Mineralocorticoids
                                                                          1. Aldosterone Synthesis
                                                                            1. Electrolyte Balance
                                                                            2. Sex Hormones
                                                                              1. Androgen Synthesis
                                                                                1. Estrogen Synthesis
                                                                                  1. Progesterone Synthesis
                                                                                2. Regulation of Steroid Synthesis
                                                                                  1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Control
                                                                                    1. Feedback Mechanisms
                                                                                      1. Tissue-Specific Regulation
                                                                                    2. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
                                                                                      1. Vitamin A (Retinoids)
                                                                                        1. Retinol Structure and Properties
                                                                                          1. Conversion to Active Forms
                                                                                            1. Retinal (Vision)
                                                                                              1. Retinoic Acid (Gene Expression)
                                                                                              2. Functions
                                                                                                1. Visual Cycle
                                                                                                  1. Epithelial Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                    1. Immune Function
                                                                                                    2. Metabolism and Storage
                                                                                                    3. Vitamin D
                                                                                                      1. Cholesterol-Derived Structure
                                                                                                        1. Synthesis Pathway
                                                                                                          1. 7-Dehydrocholesterol
                                                                                                            1. Cholecalciferol Formation
                                                                                                              1. 25-Hydroxylation
                                                                                                                1. 1α-Hydroxylation
                                                                                                                2. Active Form: Calcitriol
                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                    1. Calcium Homeostasis
                                                                                                                      1. Bone Mineralization
                                                                                                                        1. Gene Expression Regulation
                                                                                                                      2. Vitamin E (Tocopherols)
                                                                                                                        1. Structure and Isoforms
                                                                                                                          1. Antioxidant Function
                                                                                                                            1. Lipid Peroxidation Prevention
                                                                                                                              1. Membrane Protection
                                                                                                                              2. Regeneration by Vitamin C
                                                                                                                              3. Vitamin K
                                                                                                                                1. Phylloquinone and Menaquinones
                                                                                                                                  1. Functions
                                                                                                                                    1. Blood Coagulation
                                                                                                                                      1. Bone Metabolism
                                                                                                                                        1. Protein Carboxylation
                                                                                                                                    2. Other Signaling Lipids
                                                                                                                                      1. Phosphatidylinositol Derivatives
                                                                                                                                        1. PIP2 and IP3 System
                                                                                                                                          1. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
                                                                                                                                            1. Protein Kinase C Activation
                                                                                                                                            2. Sphingolipid Signaling
                                                                                                                                              1. Ceramide Functions
                                                                                                                                                1. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate
                                                                                                                                                2. Endocannabinoids
                                                                                                                                                  1. Anandamide
                                                                                                                                                    1. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol

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                                                                                                                                                9. Synthesis of Complex Lipids

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                                                                                                                                                11. Regulation of Lipid Metabolism