Invertebrate Paleontology

12.

12.1.

Definition and Scope

12.2.

Classification of Trace Fossils

12.2.1.

Ichnogenera and Ichnospecies

12.2.2.

Criteria for Classification

12.3.

Ethological Classification

12.3.1.

12.3.2.

Dwelling Traces

12.3.3.

12.3.4.

12.3.5.

Crawling Traces

12.3.6.

12.3.7.

Predation Traces

12.4.

12.4.1.

Definition and Concept

12.4.2.

Major Ichnofacies Types

12.4.3.

Relationship to Water Depth and Environment

12.4.4.

Use in Paleoenvironmental Interpretation

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11. Other Important Fossil Groups

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13. Applications of Invertebrate Paleontology