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Biology
Human Biology
Human Osteology and Bone Mechanics
1. Introduction to Human Osteology
2. The Human Skeletal System
3. Anatomical Terminology and Orientation
4. Classification of Bones
5. Gross Anatomy of Bone
6. Types of Bone Tissue
7. Bone Composition and Matrix
8. Cellular Components of Bone
9. Microscopic Architecture of Bone
10. Bone Development and Growth
11. Fundamentals of Biomechanics
12. Mechanical Properties of Bone
13. Bone Adaptation and Remodeling
14. Microdamage and Fatigue
15. Bone Fracture Mechanics
16. Fracture Classification and Healing
17. Methods for Studying Bone
18. Clinical Applications
19. Forensic and Archaeological Applications
20. Factors Influencing Bone Health
16.
Fracture Classification and Healing
16.1.
Fracture Classification Systems
16.1.1.
Anatomical Classification
16.1.2.
Mechanism of Injury
16.1.3.
Fracture Pattern
16.1.4.
Displacement
16.1.5.
Stability
16.2.
Fracture Types by Etiology
16.2.1.
Traumatic Fractures
16.2.2.
Pathological Fractures
16.2.3.
Stress Fractures
16.2.4.
Insufficiency Fractures
16.3.
Fracture Healing Process
16.3.1.
Inflammatory Phase
16.3.1.1.
Hematoma Formation
16.3.1.2.
Inflammatory Response
16.3.1.3.
Cellular Recruitment
16.3.2.
Reparative Phase
16.3.2.1.
Soft Callus Formation
16.3.2.2.
Chondrogenesis
16.3.2.3.
Hard Callus Formation
16.3.2.4.
Endochondral Ossification
16.3.3.
Remodeling Phase
16.3.3.1.
Callus Remodeling
16.3.3.2.
Restoration of Anatomy
16.3.3.3.
Mechanical Property Recovery
16.4.
Factors Affecting Healing
16.4.1.
Patient Factors
16.4.1.1.
Age
16.4.1.2.
Nutrition
16.4.1.3.
Hormonal Status
16.4.1.4.
Comorbidities
16.4.2.
Fracture Factors
16.4.2.1.
Location
16.4.2.2.
Pattern
16.4.2.3.
Displacement
16.4.2.4.
Soft Tissue Damage
16.4.3.
Treatment Factors
16.4.3.1.
Reduction
16.4.3.2.
Fixation
16.4.3.3.
Immobilization
16.4.3.4.
Rehabilitation
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17. Methods for Studying Bone