Human Osteology and Bone Mechanics

  1. Bone Adaptation and Remodeling
    1. Wolff's Law
      1. Historical Context
        1. Modern Interpretations
          1. Clinical Applications
          2. Mechanostat Theory
            1. Frost's Model
              1. Modeling and Remodeling Thresholds
                1. Set Points
                  1. Disuse Window
                    1. Overload Window
                    2. Mechanotransduction
                      1. Mechanical Stimuli
                        1. Strain
                          1. Fluid Flow
                            1. Pressure
                            2. Cellular Mechanosensors
                              1. Osteocytes
                                1. Osteoblasts
                                  1. Osteoclasts
                                  2. Signaling Pathways
                                    1. Wnt Signaling
                                      1. RANK/RANKL/OPG System
                                        1. Sclerostin Pathway
                                          1. Prostaglandin Pathways
                                        2. Bone Modeling
                                          1. Occurrence
                                            1. Cellular Mechanisms
                                              1. Functional Adaptation
                                              2. Bone Remodeling
                                                1. Remodeling Cycle
                                                  1. Activation Phase
                                                    1. Resorption Phase
                                                      1. Reversal Phase
                                                        1. Formation Phase
                                                          1. Quiescence Phase
                                                          2. Basic Multicellular Units
                                                            1. Coupling Mechanisms
                                                              1. Regulation
                                                                1. Systemic Factors
                                                                  1. Local Factors
                                                                2. Adaptive Responses
                                                                  1. Exercise Effects
                                                                    1. Disuse Effects
                                                                      1. Mechanical Loading Patterns

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                                                                    12. Mechanical Properties of Bone

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                                                                    14. Microdamage and Fatigue