Human Osteology and Bone Mechanics

13.

Bone Adaptation and Remodeling

13.1.

13.1.1.

Historical Context

13.1.2.

Modern Interpretations

13.1.3.

Clinical Applications

13.2.

Mechanostat Theory

13.2.1.

13.2.2.

Modeling and Remodeling Thresholds

13.2.3.

13.2.4.

13.2.5.

Overload Window

13.3.

Mechanotransduction

13.3.1.

Mechanical Stimuli

13.3.1.1.

13.3.1.2.

13.3.1.3.

13.3.2.

Cellular Mechanosensors

13.3.2.1.

13.3.2.2.

13.3.2.3.

13.3.3.

Signaling Pathways

13.3.3.1.

13.3.3.2.

RANK/RANKL/OPG System

13.3.3.3.

Sclerostin Pathway

13.3.3.4.

Prostaglandin Pathways

13.4.

13.4.1.

13.4.2.

Cellular Mechanisms

13.4.3.

Functional Adaptation

13.5.

Bone Remodeling

13.5.1.

Remodeling Cycle

13.5.1.1.

Activation Phase

13.5.1.2.

Resorption Phase

13.5.1.3.

13.5.1.4.

Formation Phase

13.5.1.5.

Quiescence Phase

13.5.2.

Basic Multicellular Units

13.5.3.

Coupling Mechanisms

13.5.4.

13.5.4.1.

Systemic Factors

13.5.4.2.

13.6.

Adaptive Responses

13.6.1.

Exercise Effects

13.6.2.

13.6.3.

Mechanical Loading Patterns

13.6.4.

Age-Related Changes

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12. Mechanical Properties of Bone

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14. Microdamage and Fatigue