Endocrinology

  1. The Endocrine Pancreas
    1. Anatomy and Histology
      1. Islets of Langerhans
        1. Distribution and Size
          1. Vascular Supply
            1. Innervation
            2. Cell Types and Distribution
              1. Beta Cells
                1. Alpha Cells
                  1. Delta Cells
                    1. PP Cells
                      1. Epsilon Cells
                    2. Insulin
                      1. Structure and Synthesis
                        1. Preproinsulin
                          1. Proinsulin Processing
                            1. C-Peptide
                            2. Regulation of Secretion
                              1. Glucose Sensing
                                1. Amino Acid Effects
                                  1. Incretin Effects
                                    1. Neural Regulation
                                    2. Insulin Receptor and Signaling
                                      1. Tyrosine Kinase Receptor
                                        1. IRS Proteins
                                          1. PI3K/Akt Pathway
                                            1. MAPK Pathway
                                            2. Physiological Actions
                                              1. Glucose Uptake
                                                1. GLUT4 Translocation
                                                  1. Tissue-Specific Effects
                                                  2. Glycogen Synthesis
                                                    1. Lipogenesis
                                                      1. Protein Synthesis
                                                        1. Anti-Lipolytic Effects
                                                      2. Glucagon
                                                        1. Structure and Synthesis
                                                          1. Regulation of Secretion
                                                            1. Glucose Effects
                                                              1. Amino Acid Effects
                                                                1. Neural Regulation
                                                                2. Glucagon Receptor and Signaling
                                                                  1. GPCR Mechanism
                                                                    1. cAMP Pathway
                                                                    2. Physiological Actions
                                                                      1. Glycogenolysis
                                                                        1. Gluconeogenesis
                                                                          1. Lipolysis
                                                                            1. Ketogenesis
                                                                          2. Somatostatin
                                                                            1. Pancreatic Somatostatin
                                                                              1. Regulation of Secretion
                                                                                1. Inhibitory Effects
                                                                                  1. Insulin Inhibition
                                                                                    1. Glucagon Inhibition
                                                                                      1. Digestive Enzyme Inhibition
                                                                                    2. Pancreatic Polypeptide
                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                        1. Regulation of Secretion
                                                                                          1. Gastrointestinal Effects
                                                                                          2. Glucose Homeostasis
                                                                                            1. Fed State
                                                                                              1. Insulin Dominance
                                                                                                1. Anabolic Processes
                                                                                                2. Fasting State
                                                                                                  1. Glucagon Effects
                                                                                                    1. Counterregulatory Hormones
                                                                                                    2. Integration of Hormonal Control
                                                                                                      1. Liver Function
                                                                                                        1. Muscle Function
                                                                                                          1. Adipose Tissue Function

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                                                                                                      8. The Adrenal Glands

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                                                                                                      10. The Reproductive System