Endocrinology

  1. The Adrenal Glands
    1. Anatomy and Histology
      1. Gross Anatomy
        1. Location and Size
          1. Blood Supply
            1. Innervation
            2. Adrenal Cortex
              1. Zona Glomerulosa
                1. Zona Fasciculata
                  1. Zona Reticularis
                  2. Adrenal Medulla
                    1. Chromaffin Cells
                      1. Neural Connections
                    2. Adrenal Cortex Hormones
                      1. Steroidogenesis Pathway
                        1. Cholesterol as Precursor
                          1. Enzymatic Steps
                            1. Zone-Specific Enzymes
                            2. Mineralocorticoids
                              1. Aldosterone
                                1. Synthesis and Regulation
                                  1. Renin-Angiotensin System
                                    1. Potassium Regulation
                                      1. Physiological Actions
                                        1. Sodium Retention
                                          1. Potassium Excretion
                                            1. Blood Pressure Control
                                        2. Glucocorticoids
                                          1. Cortisol
                                            1. Synthesis and Regulation
                                              1. HPA Axis Control
                                                1. Circadian Rhythm
                                                  1. Physiological Actions
                                                    1. Metabolic Effects
                                                      1. Gluconeogenesis
                                                        1. Protein Catabolism
                                                          1. Lipolysis
                                                          2. Anti-Inflammatory Effects
                                                            1. Immune Suppression
                                                              1. Stress Response
                                                          3. Adrenal Androgens
                                                            1. DHEA and DHEA-S
                                                              1. Synthesis and Regulation
                                                                1. Physiological Role
                                                            2. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
                                                              1. Components
                                                                1. Renin
                                                                  1. Angiotensinogen
                                                                    1. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
                                                                      1. Angiotensin II
                                                                      2. Regulation
                                                                        1. Volume Status
                                                                          1. Sodium Balance
                                                                            1. Sympathetic Activity
                                                                            2. Physiological Effects
                                                                              1. Blood Pressure Control
                                                                                1. Fluid Balance
                                                                              2. Adrenal Medulla
                                                                                1. Catecholamine Synthesis
                                                                                  1. Tyrosine Hydroxylase
                                                                                    1. DOPA Decarboxylase
                                                                                      1. Dopamine β-Hydroxylase
                                                                                        1. PNMT
                                                                                        2. Catecholamine Storage and Release
                                                                                          1. Chromaffin Granules
                                                                                            1. Exocytosis
                                                                                              1. Neural Stimulation
                                                                                              2. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
                                                                                                1. Receptor Interactions
                                                                                                  1. Physiological Effects
                                                                                                    1. Cardiovascular System
                                                                                                      1. Metabolic Effects
                                                                                                        1. Respiratory System
                                                                                                      2. Fight-or-Flight Response
                                                                                                        1. Sympathetic Activation
                                                                                                          1. Integrated Response
                                                                                                            1. Adaptive Significance

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                                                                                                        7. Vitamin D System

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                                                                                                        9. The Endocrine Pancreas