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Biology
Endocrinology and Metabolism
Endocrinology
1. Introduction to Endocrinology
2. Fundamental Concepts of Hormones
3. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
4. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
5. The Thyroid Gland
6. The Parathyroid Glands
7. Vitamin D System
8. The Adrenal Glands
9. The Endocrine Pancreas
10. The Reproductive System
11. Growth and Development
12. Metabolism and Energy Balance
13. Stress and Adaptation
14. Circadian Rhythms and Biological Clocks
15. Other Endocrine Tissues
16. Endocrine Pathophysiology
17. Clinical Endocrinology
Metabolism and Energy Balance
Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Glucose Homeostasis
Insulin Effects
Glucagon Effects
Cortisol Effects
Catecholamine Effects
Growth Hormone Effects
Glycogen Metabolism
Hepatic Glycogen
Muscle Glycogen
Gluconeogenesis
Substrate Sources
Hormonal Regulation
Hormonal Control of Lipid Metabolism
Lipolysis
Hormone-Sensitive Lipase
Catecholamine Effects
Insulin Effects
Lipogenesis
Insulin Stimulation
Transcriptional Control
Ketogenesis
Glucagon Effects
Insulin Deficiency
Hormonal Control of Protein Metabolism
Protein Synthesis
Insulin Effects
Growth Hormone Effects
IGF-1 Effects
Protein Degradation
Cortisol Effects
Insulin Effects
Energy Balance Regulation
Appetite Control
Hypothalamic Centers
Peripheral Signals
Leptin
Adipocyte Production
Hypothalamic Actions
Leptin Resistance
Ghrelin
Gastric Production
Appetite Stimulation
Growth Hormone Release
Other Appetite-Regulating Hormones
Peptide YY
Cholecystokinin
GLP-1
Insulin Effects on Satiety
Metabolic Syndrome
Insulin Resistance
Adipokine Dysfunction
Inflammatory Markers
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11. Growth and Development
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13. Stress and Adaptation