Endocrinology

  1. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
    1. Hormone Receptors
      1. Receptor Classification
        1. Receptor Specificity
          1. Receptor Affinity and Binding
            1. Cell Surface Receptors
              1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors
                1. Structure and Components
                  1. Ligand Binding Domain
                    1. G-Protein Coupling
                      1. Receptor Subtypes
                      2. Enzyme-Linked Receptors
                        1. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
                          1. Structure and Function
                            1. Autophosphorylation
                              1. Downstream Signaling
                              2. Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors
                                1. Guanylyl Cyclase Receptors
                                2. Ion Channel Receptors
                                3. Intracellular Receptors
                                  1. Nuclear Hormone Receptors
                                    1. Steroid Hormone Receptors
                                      1. Cytoplasmic Receptors
                                        1. Nuclear Receptors
                                          1. DNA Binding Domains
                                          2. Thyroid Hormone Receptors
                                            1. Mechanism of Gene Regulation
                                          3. Signal Transduction Pathways
                                            1. Second Messenger Systems
                                              1. Cyclic AMP Pathway
                                                1. Adenylyl Cyclase Activation
                                                  1. cAMP Formation
                                                    1. Protein Kinase A Activation
                                                      1. CREB Phosphorylation
                                                      2. Phosphoinositide Pathway
                                                        1. Phospholipase C Activation
                                                          1. IP3 Formation
                                                            1. DAG Formation
                                                              1. Calcium Release
                                                                1. Protein Kinase C Activation
                                                                2. Calcium-Calmodulin System
                                                                  1. Calcium Channels
                                                                    1. Calcium Binding Proteins
                                                                      1. Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases
                                                                        1. Calcium Homeostasis
                                                                        2. Cyclic GMP Pathway
                                                                          1. Guanylyl Cyclase Activation
                                                                            1. cGMP Formation
                                                                              1. Protein Kinase G
                                                                            2. Direct Gene Regulation
                                                                              1. Transcriptional Activation
                                                                                1. Transcriptional Repression
                                                                                  1. Chromatin Remodeling
                                                                                    1. Epigenetic Modifications
                                                                                    2. Post-Transcriptional Effects
                                                                                      1. mRNA Stability
                                                                                        1. Translation Control
                                                                                          1. Protein Modifications
                                                                                        2. Regulation of Hormone Secretion
                                                                                          1. Feedback Control Systems
                                                                                            1. Negative Feedback Loops
                                                                                              1. Simple Feedback
                                                                                                1. Complex Feedback
                                                                                                  1. Examples in Endocrine Axes
                                                                                                  2. Positive Feedback Loops
                                                                                                    1. Physiological Examples
                                                                                                      1. Pathological Implications
                                                                                                    2. Neural Control Mechanisms
                                                                                                      1. Hypothalamic Regulation
                                                                                                        1. Autonomic Nervous System Input
                                                                                                          1. Neurotransmitter Effects
                                                                                                          2. Temporal Control
                                                                                                            1. Circadian Rhythms
                                                                                                              1. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
                                                                                                                1. Melatonin Regulation
                                                                                                                  1. Clock Genes
                                                                                                                  2. Ultradian Rhythms
                                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Variations
                                                                                                                    2. Environmental Influences
                                                                                                                      1. Light-Dark Cycles
                                                                                                                        1. Temperature
                                                                                                                          1. Stress
                                                                                                                            1. Nutrition

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                                                                                                                        2. Fundamental Concepts of Hormones

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                                                                                                                        4. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis