Endocrinology

  1. The Thyroid Gland
    1. Anatomy and Histology
      1. Gross Anatomy
        1. Location and Size
          1. Blood Supply
            1. Innervation
            2. Microscopic Structure
              1. Follicular Architecture
                1. Follicular Cells
                  1. Parafollicular Cells
                    1. Colloid Composition
                  2. Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
                    1. Iodine Metabolism
                      1. Iodine Uptake
                        1. Sodium-Iodide Symporter
                          1. Iodine Organification
                          2. Thyroglobulin Synthesis
                            1. Protein Structure
                              1. Tyrosine Residues
                              2. Hormone Formation
                                1. Peroxidase Reactions
                                  1. Coupling Reactions
                                    1. T4 and T3 Formation
                                    2. Hormone Release
                                      1. Colloid Reabsorption
                                        1. Proteolytic Cleavage
                                          1. Hormone Secretion
                                        2. Thyroid Hormone Transport and Metabolism
                                          1. Binding Proteins
                                            1. Thyroxine-Binding Globulin
                                              1. Transthyretin
                                                1. Albumin
                                                2. Peripheral Metabolism
                                                  1. Deiodinase Enzymes
                                                    1. T4 to T3 Conversion
                                                      1. Reverse T3 Formation
                                                    2. Regulation of Thyroid Function
                                                      1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
                                                        1. TRH Regulation
                                                          1. TSH Regulation
                                                            1. Feedback Mechanisms
                                                            2. Autoregulation
                                                              1. Wolff-Chaikoff Effect
                                                                1. Escape Phenomenon
                                                              2. Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormones
                                                                1. Metabolic Effects
                                                                  1. Oxygen Consumption
                                                                    1. Heat Production
                                                                      1. Protein Synthesis
                                                                        1. Carbohydrate Metabolism
                                                                          1. Lipid Metabolism
                                                                          2. Growth and Development
                                                                            1. Fetal Development
                                                                              1. Brain Development
                                                                                1. Skeletal Growth
                                                                                2. Cardiovascular Effects
                                                                                  1. Heart Rate
                                                                                    1. Cardiac Output
                                                                                      1. Blood Pressure
                                                                                      2. Nervous System Effects
                                                                                        1. Neurotransmitter Synthesis
                                                                                          1. Myelination
                                                                                            1. Cognitive Function
                                                                                          2. Calcitonin
                                                                                            1. Synthesis and Secretion
                                                                                              1. C-Cell Production
                                                                                                1. Calcium Regulation
                                                                                                2. Physiological Actions
                                                                                                  1. Bone Effects
                                                                                                    1. Renal Effects
                                                                                                    2. Clinical Significance

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                                                                                                  4. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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                                                                                                  6. The Parathyroid Glands