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Biology
Endocrinology and Metabolism
Endocrinology
1. Introduction to Endocrinology
2. Fundamental Concepts of Hormones
3. Mechanisms of Hormone Action
4. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
5. The Thyroid Gland
6. The Parathyroid Glands
7. Vitamin D System
8. The Adrenal Glands
9. The Endocrine Pancreas
10. The Reproductive System
11. Growth and Development
12. Metabolism and Energy Balance
13. Stress and Adaptation
14. Circadian Rhythms and Biological Clocks
15. Other Endocrine Tissues
16. Endocrine Pathophysiology
17. Clinical Endocrinology
The Reproductive System
Male Reproductive Endocrinology
Testicular Anatomy
Seminiferous Tubules
Leydig Cells
Sertoli Cells
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
GnRH Pulsatility
LH and FSH Regulation
Negative Feedback
Testosterone
Synthesis Pathway
Regulation by LH
Transport and Metabolism
Physiological Actions
Sexual Differentiation
Spermatogenesis Support
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Anabolic Effects
Other Testicular Hormones
Inhibin
Activin
Anti-Müllerian Hormone
Spermatogenesis
Hormonal Control
Sertoli Cell Function
Germ Cell Development
Female Reproductive Endocrinology
Ovarian Anatomy
Follicular Structure
Corpus Luteum
Stromal Tissue
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
GnRH Regulation
LH and FSH Cycles
Feedback Mechanisms
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular Phase
Follicle Development
Estrogen Production
LH Surge
Ovulation
Follicle Rupture
Oocyte Release
Luteal Phase
Corpus Luteum Formation
Progesterone Production
Luteolysis
Estrogens
Synthesis Pathway
Types of Estrogens
Physiological Actions
Reproductive Tract Effects
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Bone Effects
Cardiovascular Effects
Progesterone
Synthesis and Regulation
Physiological Actions
Endometrial Effects
Mammary Gland Effects
CNS Effects
Menstrual Cycle
Endometrial Changes
Hormonal Coordination
Cycle Variations
Pregnancy Hormones
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Placental Hormones
Maternal Adaptations
Menopause
Ovarian Senescence
Hormonal Changes
Physiological Consequences
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9. The Endocrine Pancreas
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11. Growth and Development