DNA and Genetics

  1. Genetic Variation and Change
    1. Sources of Genetic Variation
      1. Sexual Reproduction
        1. Independent Assortment
          1. Crossing Over
            1. Random Fertilization
            2. Mutation
              1. Spontaneous Mutations
                1. Induced Mutations
                2. Gene Flow
                  1. Migration Effects
                    1. Population Mixing
                  2. Recombination
                    1. Meiotic Recombination
                      1. Synapsis Formation
                        1. Chiasma Formation
                          1. Crossover Resolution
                          2. Genetic Mapping
                            1. Recombination Frequency
                              1. Map Units
                                1. Linkage Analysis
                                2. Recombination Mechanisms
                                  1. Homologous Recombination
                                    1. Site-Specific Recombination
                                      1. Illegitimate Recombination
                                    2. Mutation Types and Mechanisms
                                      1. Point Mutations
                                        1. Base Substitutions
                                          1. Transitions
                                            1. Transversions
                                            2. Silent Mutations
                                              1. Missense Mutations
                                                1. Nonsense Mutations
                                                2. Insertion and Deletion Mutations
                                                  1. Frameshift Mutations
                                                    1. In-Frame Mutations
                                                      1. Repeat Expansions
                                                      2. Chromosomal Mutations
                                                        1. Deletion
                                                          1. Terminal Deletions
                                                            1. Interstitial Deletions
                                                            2. Duplication
                                                              1. Tandem Duplications
                                                                1. Segmental Duplications
                                                                2. Inversion
                                                                  1. Paracentric Inversions
                                                                    1. Pericentric Inversions
                                                                    2. Translocation
                                                                      1. Reciprocal Translocations
                                                                        1. Robertsonian Translocations
                                                                        2. Ring Chromosomes
                                                                        3. Numerical Chromosome Abnormalities
                                                                          1. Aneuploidy
                                                                            1. Monosomy
                                                                              1. Trisomy
                                                                                1. Nullisomy
                                                                                2. Polyploidy
                                                                                  1. Triploidy
                                                                                    1. Tetraploidy
                                                                                3. Mutational Causes
                                                                                  1. Spontaneous Mutations
                                                                                    1. DNA Replication Errors
                                                                                      1. Spontaneous Chemical Changes
                                                                                        1. Transposable Elements
                                                                                        2. Induced Mutations
                                                                                          1. Chemical Mutagens
                                                                                            1. Base Analogs
                                                                                              1. Alkylating Agents
                                                                                                1. Intercalating Agents
                                                                                                2. Physical Mutagens
                                                                                                  1. Ultraviolet Radiation
                                                                                                    1. Ionizing Radiation
                                                                                                      1. Heat
                                                                                                  2. DNA Repair Systems
                                                                                                    1. Direct Repair
                                                                                                      1. Photolyase
                                                                                                        1. Methyltransferases
                                                                                                        2. Excision Repair
                                                                                                          1. Base Excision Repair
                                                                                                            1. Nucleotide Excision Repair
                                                                                                            2. Mismatch Repair
                                                                                                              1. Recognition Phase
                                                                                                                1. Excision Phase
                                                                                                                  1. Resynthesis Phase
                                                                                                                  2. Double-Strand Break Repair
                                                                                                                    1. Homologous Recombination
                                                                                                                      1. Non-Homologous End Joining
                                                                                                                      2. SOS Response
                                                                                                                        1. Error-Prone Repair
                                                                                                                          1. RecA Protein Function

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                                                                                                                      8. Patterns of Inheritance

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                                                                                                                      10. Population Genetics