DNA and Genetics

  1. DNA Replication
    1. Replication Models
      1. Semiconservative Replication
        1. Meselson-Stahl Experiment
          1. Heavy Nitrogen Labeling
            1. Density Gradient Centrifugation
            2. Conservative Model (Disproven)
              1. Dispersive Model (Disproven)
              2. Replication Machinery
                1. DNA Helicases
                  1. Unwinding Function
                    1. ATP Requirement
                      1. Helicase Types
                      2. Single-Strand Binding Proteins
                        1. DNA Protection
                          1. Cooperative Binding
                          2. DNA Polymerases
                            1. Prokaryotic Polymerases
                              1. DNA Polymerase I
                                1. DNA Polymerase II
                                  1. DNA Polymerase III
                                  2. Eukaryotic Polymerases
                                    1. DNA Polymerase α
                                      1. DNA Polymerase δ
                                        1. DNA Polymerase ε
                                        2. Polymerase Properties
                                          1. 5' to 3' Synthesis
                                            1. 3' to 5' Exonuclease Activity
                                              1. Processivity
                                            2. DNA Primase
                                              1. RNA Primer Synthesis
                                                1. Primer Length
                                                2. DNA Ligase
                                                  1. Nick Sealing
                                                    1. ATP or NAD+ Requirement
                                                    2. Topoisomerases
                                                      1. Type I Topoisomerases
                                                        1. Type II Topoisomerases
                                                          1. Supercoiling Relief
                                                        2. Replication Process
                                                          1. Initiation
                                                            1. Origin of Replication
                                                              1. Prokaryotic Origins
                                                                1. Eukaryotic Origins
                                                                2. Origin Recognition
                                                                  1. Helicase Loading
                                                                  2. Replication Fork
                                                                    1. Fork Structure
                                                                      1. Bidirectional Replication
                                                                        1. Leading Strand Synthesis
                                                                          1. Continuous Synthesis
                                                                            1. Primer Requirements
                                                                            2. Lagging Strand Synthesis
                                                                              1. Discontinuous Synthesis
                                                                                1. Okazaki Fragments
                                                                                  1. Fragment Processing
                                                                                2. Termination
                                                                                  1. Prokaryotic Termination
                                                                                    1. Eukaryotic Termination
                                                                                      1. Telomere Replication Problem
                                                                                    2. Replication Fidelity
                                                                                      1. Proofreading Mechanisms
                                                                                        1. 3' to 5' Exonuclease Activity
                                                                                          1. Error Correction
                                                                                          2. Mismatch Repair
                                                                                            1. Recognition Proteins
                                                                                              1. Repair Process
                                                                                              2. DNA Damage Repair
                                                                                                1. Base Excision Repair
                                                                                                  1. Nucleotide Excision Repair
                                                                                                    1. Double-Strand Break Repair

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                                                                                                3. Chromosome Organization and Structure

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                                                                                                5. Gene Expression: Transcription