DNA and Genetics

  1. Gene Expression: Translation
    1. Genetic Code
      1. Code Properties
        1. Triplet Nature
          1. Non-Overlapping
            1. Degeneracy
              1. Universality
              2. Codon Usage
                1. Start Codons
                  1. Stop Codons
                    1. Codon Bias
                    2. Code Evolution
                      1. Wobble Base Pairing
                        1. Synonymous Codons
                      2. Translation Machinery
                        1. Ribosomes
                          1. Prokaryotic Ribosomes
                            1. 70S Structure
                              1. 30S Small Subunit
                                1. 50S Large Subunit
                                2. Eukaryotic Ribosomes
                                  1. 80S Structure
                                    1. 40S Small Subunit
                                      1. 60S Large Subunit
                                      2. Ribosome Structure
                                        1. rRNA Components
                                          1. Ribosomal Proteins
                                            1. Functional Sites
                                              1. A Site (Aminoacyl)
                                                1. P Site (Peptidyl)
                                                  1. E Site (Exit)
                                              2. Transfer RNA
                                                1. tRNA Structure
                                                  1. Primary Structure
                                                    1. Secondary Structure (Cloverleaf)
                                                      1. Tertiary Structure (L-Shape)
                                                      2. tRNA Function
                                                        1. Amino Acid Attachment
                                                          1. Anticodon Recognition
                                                            1. Ribosome Binding
                                                            2. Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
                                                              1. Class I Synthetases
                                                                1. Class II Synthetases
                                                                  1. Proofreading Function
                                                              2. Translation Process
                                                                1. Initiation
                                                                  1. Prokaryotic Initiation
                                                                    1. Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
                                                                      1. Initiation Factors
                                                                        1. 30S Initiation Complex
                                                                        2. Eukaryotic Initiation
                                                                          1. 5' Cap Recognition
                                                                            1. Kozak Sequence
                                                                              1. Initiation Factors
                                                                                1. 40S Initiation Complex
                                                                              2. Elongation
                                                                                1. Elongation Cycle
                                                                                  1. Aminoacyl-tRNA Delivery
                                                                                    1. Peptide Bond Formation
                                                                                      1. Translocation
                                                                                      2. Elongation Factors
                                                                                        1. EF-Tu and EF-Ts (Prokaryotes)
                                                                                          1. eEF1A and eEF1B (Eukaryotes)
                                                                                            1. EF-G (Prokaryotes)
                                                                                              1. eEF2 (Eukaryotes)
                                                                                            2. Termination
                                                                                              1. Stop Codon Recognition
                                                                                                1. Release Factors
                                                                                                  1. RF1 and RF2 (Prokaryotes)
                                                                                                    1. eRF1 and eRF3 (Eukaryotes)
                                                                                                    2. Ribosome Recycling
                                                                                                  2. Post-Translational Modifications
                                                                                                    1. Protein Folding
                                                                                                      1. Chaperone Proteins
                                                                                                        1. Folding Pathways
                                                                                                          1. Misfolding Diseases
                                                                                                          2. Chemical Modifications
                                                                                                            1. Phosphorylation
                                                                                                              1. Glycosylation
                                                                                                                1. Ubiquitination
                                                                                                                  1. Acetylation
                                                                                                                    1. Methylation
                                                                                                                    2. Protein Processing
                                                                                                                      1. Signal Peptide Cleavage
                                                                                                                        1. Proteolytic Processing
                                                                                                                        2. Protein Targeting
                                                                                                                          1. Nuclear Import
                                                                                                                            1. Mitochondrial Import
                                                                                                                              1. ER Targeting
                                                                                                                                1. Secretory Pathway

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                                                                                                                            5. Gene Expression: Transcription

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                                                                                                                            7. Gene Regulation