DNA and Genetics

  1. Structure and Chemistry of Genetic Material
    1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid Structure
      1. Nucleotide Components
        1. Deoxyribose Sugar
          1. Pentose Structure
            1. Hydroxyl Group Positions
            2. Phosphate Group
              1. Chemical Properties
                1. Phosphodiester Bonds
                2. Nitrogenous Bases
                  1. Purine Bases
                    1. Adenine Structure
                      1. Guanine Structure
                      2. Pyrimidine Bases
                        1. Cytosine Structure
                          1. Thymine Structure
                          2. Base Modifications
                        2. DNA Double Helix
                          1. Watson-Crick Model
                            1. Historical Context
                              1. X-ray Crystallography Evidence
                              2. Structural Features
                                1. Antiparallel Strands
                                  1. Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
                                    1. Base Pairing Rules
                                      1. Hydrogen Bonding Patterns
                                        1. Major and Minor Grooves
                                        2. Helix Parameters
                                          1. Pitch and Diameter
                                            1. Base Stacking
                                              1. Helical Twist
                                            2. DNA Conformations
                                              1. B-Form DNA
                                                1. A-Form DNA
                                                  1. Z-Form DNA
                                                  2. DNA Stability
                                                    1. Thermodynamic Factors
                                                      1. Melting Temperature
                                                        1. Denaturation and Renaturation
                                                          1. Hyperchromicity
                                                        2. Ribonucleic Acid Structure
                                                          1. RNA vs DNA Differences
                                                            1. Ribose Sugar
                                                              1. Uracil Base
                                                                1. Single-Strand Nature
                                                                  1. Chemical Instability
                                                                  2. RNA Secondary Structure
                                                                    1. Base Pairing in RNA
                                                                      1. Stem-Loop Structures
                                                                        1. Pseudoknots
                                                                        2. Types of RNA
                                                                          1. Messenger RNA
                                                                            1. Structure and Features
                                                                              1. Coding Sequences
                                                                                1. Untranslated Regions
                                                                                2. Transfer RNA
                                                                                  1. Cloverleaf Structure
                                                                                    1. L-Shaped Tertiary Structure
                                                                                      1. Anticodon Region
                                                                                        1. Amino Acid Attachment Site
                                                                                        2. Ribosomal RNA
                                                                                          1. Large Subunit rRNA
                                                                                            1. Small Subunit rRNA
                                                                                              1. Catalytic Properties
                                                                                              2. Small Nuclear RNA
                                                                                                1. Splicing Functions
                                                                                                  1. snRNP Complexes
                                                                                                  2. MicroRNA
                                                                                                    1. Biogenesis Pathway
                                                                                                      1. Gene Regulation Functions
                                                                                                      2. Small Interfering RNA
                                                                                                        1. RNAi Mechanism
                                                                                                          1. Therapeutic Applications
                                                                                                          2. Long Non-coding RNA
                                                                                                            1. Regulatory Functions
                                                                                                              1. Chromatin Modification

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                                                                                                        1. Introduction to Genetics

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                                                                                                        3. Chromosome Organization and Structure