Climate Change

  1. Climate Modeling and Future Projections
    1. Climate Model Fundamentals
      1. Physical Basis of Climate Models
        1. Fundamental Equations
          1. Conservation Laws
            1. Thermodynamics
              1. Fluid Dynamics
              2. Model Components
                1. Atmospheric Models
                  1. Ocean Models
                    1. Land Surface Models
                      1. Sea Ice Models
                        1. Biogeochemical Models
                        2. Model Coupling
                          1. Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling
                            1. Land-Atmosphere Interactions
                              1. Carbon Cycle Coupling
                              2. Model Resolution and Discretization
                                1. Spatial Resolution
                                  1. Temporal Resolution
                                    1. Grid Systems
                                      1. Parameterizations
                                    2. Types of Climate Models
                                      1. General Circulation Models
                                        1. Atmospheric GCMs
                                          1. Ocean GCMs
                                            1. Coupled GCMs
                                            2. Earth System Models
                                              1. Biogeochemical Cycles
                                                1. Dynamic Vegetation
                                                  1. Atmospheric Chemistry
                                                  2. Regional Climate Models
                                                    1. Downscaling Techniques
                                                      1. High-Resolution Modeling
                                                      2. Simplified Climate Models
                                                        1. Energy Balance Models
                                                          1. Box Models
                                                            1. Reduced Complexity Models
                                                          2. Model Evaluation and Validation
                                                            1. Model Performance Metrics
                                                              1. Observational Constraints
                                                                1. Model Intercomparison Projects
                                                                  1. Ensemble Modeling
                                                                    1. Uncertainty Quantification
                                                                    2. Climate Scenarios and Pathways
                                                                      1. Scenario Development Process
                                                                        1. Representative Concentration Pathways
                                                                          1. RCP2.6
                                                                            1. RCP4.5
                                                                              1. RCP6.0
                                                                                1. RCP8.5
                                                                                2. Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
                                                                                  1. SSP1 Sustainability
                                                                                    1. SSP2 Middle of the Road
                                                                                      1. SSP3 Regional Rivalry
                                                                                        1. SSP4 Inequality
                                                                                          1. SSP5 Fossil-fueled Development
                                                                                          2. Scenario Matrix Architecture
                                                                                            1. Policy-Relevant Scenarios
                                                                                            2. Climate Projections
                                                                                              1. Temperature Projections
                                                                                                1. Global Mean Temperature
                                                                                                  1. Regional Temperature Changes
                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Variations
                                                                                                      1. Temperature Extremes
                                                                                                      2. Precipitation Projections
                                                                                                        1. Global Precipitation Patterns
                                                                                                          1. Regional Precipitation Changes
                                                                                                            1. Seasonal Shifts
                                                                                                              1. Precipitation Extremes
                                                                                                              2. Sea Level Projections
                                                                                                                1. Global Mean Sea Level
                                                                                                                  1. Regional Sea Level Changes
                                                                                                                    1. Ice Sheet Contributions
                                                                                                                      1. Coastal Impact Projections
                                                                                                                      2. Cryosphere Projections
                                                                                                                        1. Arctic Sea Ice
                                                                                                                          1. Snow Cover
                                                                                                                            1. Permafrost
                                                                                                                              1. Glacier Changes
                                                                                                                              2. Ocean Projections
                                                                                                                                1. Ocean Temperature
                                                                                                                                  1. Ocean Acidification
                                                                                                                                    1. Ocean Circulation
                                                                                                                                    2. Extreme Event Projections
                                                                                                                                      1. Heat Waves
                                                                                                                                        1. Droughts
                                                                                                                                          1. Floods
                                                                                                                                            1. Tropical Cyclones
                                                                                                                                              1. Wildfires
                                                                                                                                            2. Climate System Thresholds and Tipping Points
                                                                                                                                              1. Tipping Point Concepts
                                                                                                                                                1. Potential Tipping Elements
                                                                                                                                                  1. Arctic Sea Ice
                                                                                                                                                    1. Greenland Ice Sheet
                                                                                                                                                      1. West Antarctic Ice Sheet
                                                                                                                                                        1. Amazon Rainforest
                                                                                                                                                          1. Boreal Forests
                                                                                                                                                            1. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
                                                                                                                                                              1. Permafrost Carbon
                                                                                                                                                                1. Coral Reefs
                                                                                                                                                                2. Cascading Tipping Points
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Early Warning Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Irreversibility and Commitment

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                                                                                                                                                                  4. Climate Change Impacts and Consequences

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                                                                                                                                                                  6. Climate Change Mitigation