Climate Change

  1. Causes of Modern Climate Change
    1. Natural Climate Drivers
      1. Solar Variability
        1. Solar Irradiance Changes
          1. Sunspot Cycles
            1. Solar Magnetic Field Variations
            2. Volcanic Activity
              1. Stratospheric Aerosol Injection
                1. Cooling Effects
                  1. Historical Volcanic Events
                    1. Volcanic Climate Impacts
                    2. Orbital Forcing
                      1. Eccentricity
                        1. Obliquity
                          1. Precession
                            1. Milankovitch Theory
                            2. Internal Climate Variability
                              1. El Niño-Southern Oscillation
                                1. Pacific Decadal Oscillation
                                  1. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
                                    1. North Atlantic Oscillation
                                      1. Indian Ocean Dipole
                                    2. Anthropogenic Climate Drivers
                                      1. Historical Context
                                        1. Pre-Industrial Climate
                                          1. Industrial Revolution Impacts
                                            1. Post-World War II Acceleration
                                            2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
                                              1. Fossil Fuel Combustion
                                                1. Industrial Processes
                                                  1. Agriculture and Land Use
                                                    1. Waste Management
                                                    2. Land Use and Land Cover Change
                                                      1. Deforestation
                                                        1. Urbanization
                                                          1. Agricultural Expansion
                                                            1. Wetland Drainage
                                                            2. Aerosol Emissions
                                                              1. Sulfate Aerosols
                                                                1. Black Carbon
                                                                  1. Organic Carbon
                                                                    1. Dust and Sea Salt
                                                                    2. Attribution Science
                                                                      1. Detection and Attribution Methods
                                                                        1. Fingerprinting Techniques
                                                                          1. Statistical Analysis
                                                                            1. Model-Based Attribution
                                                                          2. Sectoral Emission Sources
                                                                            1. Energy Production and Use
                                                                              1. Electricity Generation
                                                                                1. Heat Production
                                                                                  1. Fuel Extraction and Processing
                                                                                    1. Energy Distribution Losses
                                                                                    2. Transportation
                                                                                      1. Road Transport
                                                                                        1. Aviation
                                                                                          1. Shipping
                                                                                            1. Rail Transport
                                                                                              1. Pipeline Transport
                                                                                              2. Industry
                                                                                                1. Iron and Steel Production
                                                                                                  1. Cement Manufacturing
                                                                                                    1. Chemical Production
                                                                                                      1. Aluminum Production
                                                                                                        1. Other Metal Production
                                                                                                          1. Industrial Energy Use
                                                                                                          2. Buildings
                                                                                                            1. Residential Energy Use
                                                                                                              1. Commercial Energy Use
                                                                                                                1. Construction Materials
                                                                                                                2. Agriculture and Land Use
                                                                                                                  1. Livestock
                                                                                                                    1. Rice Cultivation
                                                                                                                      1. Fertilizer Use
                                                                                                                        1. Land Use Change
                                                                                                                          1. Agricultural Energy Use
                                                                                                                          2. Waste
                                                                                                                            1. Solid Waste Disposal
                                                                                                                              1. Wastewater Treatment
                                                                                                                                1. Waste Incineration
                                                                                                                                  1. Industrial Waste

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                                                                                                                              1. Foundations of Climate Science

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                                                                                                                              3. Observed Climate Changes and Evidence