Climate Change

  1. Climate Change Impacts and Consequences
    1. Physical System Impacts
      1. Terrestrial Ecosystems
        1. Forest Ecosystems
          1. Grassland Ecosystems
            1. Desert Ecosystems
              1. Tundra Ecosystems
                1. Mountain Ecosystems
                2. Freshwater Systems
                  1. River Systems
                    1. Lake Ecosystems
                      1. Wetland Systems
                        1. Groundwater Systems
                        2. Marine and Coastal Systems
                          1. Coral Reef Ecosystems
                            1. Mangrove Systems
                              1. Coastal Wetlands
                                1. Open Ocean Systems
                                  1. Polar Marine Systems
                                  2. Biodiversity and Species
                                    1. Species Range Shifts
                                      1. Phenological Changes
                                        1. Population Dynamics
                                          1. Extinction Risk
                                            1. Invasive Species
                                              1. Ecosystem Services
                                            2. Human System Impacts
                                              1. Water Resources
                                                1. Water Availability
                                                  1. Water Quality
                                                    1. Water Infrastructure
                                                      1. Groundwater Depletion
                                                        1. Flood Risk
                                                          1. Drought Risk
                                                          2. Food Systems and Agriculture
                                                            1. Crop Production
                                                              1. Livestock Systems
                                                                1. Fisheries and Aquaculture
                                                                  1. Food Security
                                                                    1. Nutrition and Food Quality
                                                                      1. Agricultural Pests and Diseases
                                                                      2. Human Health
                                                                        1. Vector-Borne Diseases
                                                                          1. Air Quality and Respiratory Health
                                                                            1. Food and Nutrition Security
                                                                              1. Mental Health and Well-being
                                                                                1. Health System Capacity
                                                                                2. Settlements and Infrastructure
                                                                                  1. Coastal Infrastructure
                                                                                    1. Transportation Systems
                                                                                      1. Energy Infrastructure
                                                                                        1. Water and Sanitation Systems
                                                                                          1. Buildings and Housing
                                                                                            1. Urban Systems
                                                                                            2. Economic Systems
                                                                                              1. Economic Growth and Development
                                                                                                1. Sectoral Economic Impacts
                                                                                                  1. Financial System Risks
                                                                                                    1. Insurance and Risk Transfer
                                                                                                      1. Supply Chain Disruptions
                                                                                                        1. Tourism and Recreation
                                                                                                        2. Security and Governance
                                                                                                          1. Human Security
                                                                                                            1. National Security
                                                                                                              1. Conflict and Cooperation
                                                                                                                1. Migration and Displacement
                                                                                                                  1. Governance Challenges
                                                                                                                2. Regional Impact Variations
                                                                                                                  1. Arctic Regions
                                                                                                                    1. Small Island Developing States
                                                                                                                      1. Least Developed Countries
                                                                                                                        1. Mediterranean Region
                                                                                                                          1. Sub-Saharan Africa
                                                                                                                            1. South Asia
                                                                                                                              1. Southeast Asia
                                                                                                                                1. Central and South America
                                                                                                                                2. Cross-Cutting Impact Themes
                                                                                                                                  1. Vulnerable Populations
                                                                                                                                    1. Gender Dimensions
                                                                                                                                      1. Indigenous Peoples
                                                                                                                                        1. Urban-Rural Differences
                                                                                                                                          1. Intergenerational Impacts
                                                                                                                                            1. Cascading and Systemic Risks

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                                                                                                                                          3. Observed Climate Changes and Evidence

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                                                                                                                                          5. Climate Modeling and Future Projections