Climate Change

  1. Observed Climate Changes and Evidence
    1. Temperature Changes
      1. Global Surface Temperature
        1. Instrumental Temperature Records
          1. Regional Temperature Patterns
            1. Seasonal Variations
            2. Ocean Temperature
              1. Sea Surface Temperature
                1. Ocean Heat Content
                  1. Deep Ocean Warming
                    1. Marine Heat Waves
                    2. Atmospheric Temperature
                      1. Tropospheric Temperature
                        1. Stratospheric Temperature
                          1. Temperature Profiles
                          2. Land Surface Temperature
                            1. Continental Warming Patterns
                              1. Urban Heat Island Effects
                                1. Soil Temperature Changes
                              2. Hydrological Changes
                                1. Precipitation Patterns
                                  1. Regional Precipitation Changes
                                    1. Seasonal Shifts
                                      1. Extreme Precipitation Events
                                      2. Water Cycle Intensification
                                        1. Evaporation Changes
                                          1. Atmospheric Water Vapor
                                            1. Runoff Patterns
                                            2. Drought and Flood Patterns
                                              1. Drought Frequency and Severity
                                                1. Flood Risk Changes
                                                  1. Hydrological Extremes
                                                2. Cryospheric Changes
                                                  1. Arctic Sea Ice
                                                    1. Extent and Area Decline
                                                      1. Thickness Reduction
                                                        1. Seasonal Changes
                                                          1. Multi-year Ice Loss
                                                          2. Antarctic Sea Ice
                                                            1. Regional Variability
                                                              1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                              2. Ice Sheets
                                                                1. Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss
                                                                  1. Antarctic Ice Sheet Changes
                                                                    1. Ice Sheet Dynamics
                                                                    2. Glaciers
                                                                      1. Global Glacier Retreat
                                                                        1. Regional Glacier Changes
                                                                          1. Glacier Mass Balance
                                                                          2. Snow Cover
                                                                            1. Northern Hemisphere Snow Cover
                                                                              1. Seasonal Snow Duration
                                                                                1. Snow Water Equivalent
                                                                                2. Permafrost
                                                                                  1. Permafrost Temperature Rise
                                                                                    1. Active Layer Thickening
                                                                                      1. Permafrost Extent Changes
                                                                                    2. Sea Level Changes
                                                                                      1. Global Mean Sea Level
                                                                                        1. Tide Gauge Records
                                                                                          1. Satellite Altimetry
                                                                                          2. Regional Sea Level Variability
                                                                                            1. Ocean Dynamic Effects
                                                                                              1. Gravitational Effects
                                                                                                1. Land Motion Effects
                                                                                                2. Sea Level Rise Components
                                                                                                  1. Thermal Expansion
                                                                                                    1. Glacier Contribution
                                                                                                      1. Ice Sheet Contribution
                                                                                                        1. Terrestrial Water Storage
                                                                                                      2. Ocean Changes
                                                                                                        1. Ocean Acidification
                                                                                                          1. pH Changes
                                                                                                            1. Carbonate Ion Concentration
                                                                                                              1. Aragonite Saturation
                                                                                                                1. Regional Variations
                                                                                                                2. Ocean Circulation Changes
                                                                                                                  1. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
                                                                                                                    1. Pacific Circulation Patterns
                                                                                                                      1. Southern Ocean Changes
                                                                                                                      2. Marine Ecosystem Changes
                                                                                                                        1. Coral Bleaching Events
                                                                                                                          1. Marine Species Distribution
                                                                                                                            1. Ocean Productivity Changes
                                                                                                                          2. Atmospheric Changes
                                                                                                                            1. Atmospheric Composition
                                                                                                                              1. Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
                                                                                                                                1. Aerosol Loading
                                                                                                                                  1. Ozone Changes
                                                                                                                                  2. Atmospheric Circulation
                                                                                                                                    1. Jet Stream Changes
                                                                                                                                      1. Storm Track Shifts
                                                                                                                                        1. Monsoon Variations
                                                                                                                                      2. Extreme Weather and Climate Events
                                                                                                                                        1. Heat Extremes
                                                                                                                                          1. Heat Wave Frequency and Intensity
                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Records
                                                                                                                                            2. Precipitation Extremes
                                                                                                                                              1. Heavy Precipitation Events
                                                                                                                                                1. Flash Flooding
                                                                                                                                                  1. Extreme Drought
                                                                                                                                                  2. Storm Activity
                                                                                                                                                    1. Tropical Cyclone Activity
                                                                                                                                                      1. Extratropical Storms
                                                                                                                                                        1. Severe Thunderstorms
                                                                                                                                                        2. Wildfire Activity
                                                                                                                                                          1. Fire Weather Conditions
                                                                                                                                                            1. Fire Season Length
                                                                                                                                                            2. Compound Events
                                                                                                                                                              1. Concurrent Extremes
                                                                                                                                                                1. Sequential Extremes
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cascading Impacts

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                                                                                                                                                              2. Causes of Modern Climate Change

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                                                                                                                                                              4. Climate Change Impacts and Consequences