Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

3.

The Neuronal Membrane and Electrical Potentials

3.1.

The Phospholipid Bilayer

3.1.1.

Membrane Structure

3.1.2.

Fluid Mosaic Model

3.1.3.

Selective Permeability

3.1.4.

Membrane Composition

3.1.4.1.

3.1.4.2.

3.1.4.3.

Membrane Proteins

3.2.

Membrane Proteins

3.2.1.

3.2.1.1.

Types of Ion Channels

3.2.1.1.1.

Voltage-Gated Channels

3.2.1.1.2.

Ligand-Gated Channels

3.2.1.1.3.

3.2.1.1.4.

Mechanosensitive Channels

3.2.1.2.

Channel Selectivity

3.2.1.3.

3.2.1.4.

Channel Structure

3.2.2.

3.2.2.1.

3.2.2.2.

Active Transport Mechanisms

3.2.2.3.

Energy Requirements

3.2.3.

Transporters and Exchangers

3.2.3.1.

Sodium-Calcium Exchanger

3.2.3.2.

Chloride Transporters

3.3.

The Resting Membrane Potential

3.3.1.

Ions as Charge Carriers

3.3.1.1.

3.3.1.2.

3.3.1.3.

3.3.1.4.

3.3.2.

Diffusion and Electrical Forces

3.3.2.1.

Concentration Gradients

3.3.2.2.

Electrochemical Gradients

3.3.2.3.

3.3.3.

Equilibrium Potentials

3.3.3.1.

The Nernst Equation

3.3.3.1.1.

Calculation and Interpretation

3.3.3.1.2.

Temperature Dependence

3.3.4.

Ion Distribution Across the Membrane

3.3.4.1.

Intracellular vs. Extracellular Ion Concentrations

3.3.4.2.

Impermeant Anions

3.3.5.

Relative Ion Permeability

3.3.5.1.

The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz (GHK) Equation

3.3.5.1.1.

Determining Membrane Potential

3.3.5.1.2.

Permeability Ratios

3.3.6.

The Sodium-Potassium Pump

3.3.6.1.

Mechanism and Stoichiometry

3.3.6.2.

Role in Maintaining Gradients

3.3.6.3.

Electrogenic Nature

3.3.7.

The Calcium Pump

3.3.7.1.

Calcium Homeostasis

3.3.7.2.

Role in Signaling

3.3.7.3.

Calcium Buffering

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2. The Structure of Neurons and Glia

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4. The Action Potential