Biophysical Chemistry

4.

Fundamental Physical Forces

4.1.

Covalent Interactions

4.1.1.

4.1.2.

4.1.3.

Bond Lengths and Angles

4.1.4.

Resonance Effects

4.2.

Electrostatic Interactions

4.2.1.

4.2.2.

Dielectric Effects

4.2.3.

4.2.4.

4.3.

4.3.1.

Geometric Criteria

4.3.2.

Strength Variations

4.3.3.

4.3.4.

Biological Roles

4.4.

Van der Waals Forces

4.4.1.

London Dispersion Forces

4.4.2.

Dipole Interactions

4.4.3.

4.4.4.

Distance Dependence

4.5.

Hydrophobic Interactions

4.5.1.

4.5.2.

Solvent-Mediated Effects

4.5.3.

Temperature Dependence

4.5.4.

Protein Folding Role

Previous

3. Water and the Biological Environment

Go to top

Next

5. Thermodynamics of Biological Systems