Biophysical Chemistry

  1. Fundamental Physical Forces
    1. Covalent Interactions
      1. Bond Formation
        1. Bond Energies
          1. Bond Lengths and Angles
            1. Resonance Effects
            2. Electrostatic Interactions
              1. Coulomb's Law
                1. Dielectric Effects
                  1. Salt Bridges
                    1. Ion Pairing
                    2. Hydrogen Bonds
                      1. Geometric Criteria
                        1. Strength Variations
                          1. Cooperativity
                            1. Biological Roles
                            2. Van der Waals Forces
                              1. London Dispersion Forces
                                1. Dipole Interactions
                                  1. Steric Effects
                                    1. Distance Dependence
                                    2. Hydrophobic Interactions
                                      1. Entropic Basis
                                        1. Solvent-Mediated Effects
                                          1. Temperature Dependence
                                            1. Protein Folding Role

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                                          3. Water and the Biological Environment

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                                          5. Thermodynamics of Biological Systems