Water and Wastewater Treatment

8.

System Design, Operation, and Management

8.1.

Plant Layout and Hydraulic Profile

8.1.1.

Site Selection and Planning

8.1.1.1.

Environmental Considerations

8.1.1.2.

8.1.1.3.

Utilities Availability

8.1.2.

Flow Paths and Elevations

8.1.2.1.

Hydraulic Grade Line

8.1.2.2.

Pump Station Requirements

8.1.2.3.

Gravity Flow Optimization

8.1.3.

Expansion and Flexibility

8.1.3.1.

8.1.3.2.

Future Capacity

8.1.3.3.

Process Modifications

8.2.

Pumping Systems

8.2.1.

Pump Types and Selection

8.2.1.1.

Centrifugal Pumps

8.2.1.2.

Positive Displacement Pumps

8.2.1.3.

Submersible Pumps

8.2.2.

Pump Station Design

8.2.2.1.

Wet Well Design

8.2.2.2.

8.2.2.3.

Redundancy Requirements

8.2.3.

Operation and Maintenance

8.2.3.1.

Performance Monitoring

8.2.3.2.

Preventive Maintenance

8.2.3.3.

Troubleshooting

8.3.

Instrumentation and Control

8.3.1.

Process Control Systems

8.3.1.1.

Feedback Control

8.3.1.2.

Feedforward Control

8.3.1.3.

Cascade Control

8.3.2.

Sensors and Monitoring Devices

8.3.2.1.

Flow Measurement

8.3.2.2.

Level Measurement

8.3.2.3.

Quality Parameters

8.3.3.

Automation and SCADA

8.3.3.1.

Supervisory Control

8.3.3.2.

Data Acquisition

8.3.3.3.

Remote Monitoring

8.4.

Process Monitoring and Laboratory Analysis

8.4.1.

Sampling Techniques

8.4.1.1.

8.4.1.2.

Composite Samples

8.4.1.3.

Sample Preservation

8.4.2.

Analytical Methods

8.4.2.1.

8.4.2.2.

8.4.2.3.

Microbiological Tests

8.4.3.

Quality Control

8.4.3.1.

Calibration Procedures

8.4.3.2.

Quality Assurance

8.4.4.

Data Interpretation and Reporting

8.4.4.1.

Statistical Analysis

8.4.4.2.

8.4.4.3.

Regulatory Reporting

8.5.

Asset Management and Maintenance

8.5.1.

Preventive Maintenance

8.5.1.1.

Maintenance Scheduling

8.5.1.2.

Equipment Inspection

8.5.1.3.

Lubrication Programs

8.5.2.

Condition Assessment

8.5.2.1.

Equipment Condition Monitoring

8.5.2.2.

Performance Evaluation

8.5.2.3.

Remaining Useful Life

8.5.3.

Asset Inventory and Tracking

8.5.3.1.

Equipment Records

8.5.3.2.

Maintenance History

8.5.3.3.

Replacement Planning

8.6.

Energy Consumption and Recovery

8.6.1.

Energy Use in Treatment Processes

8.6.1.1.

8.6.1.2.

Aeration Energy

8.6.1.3.

Chemical Feed Systems

8.6.2.

Energy Efficiency Measures

8.6.2.1.

Equipment Optimization

8.6.2.2.

Process Modifications

8.6.2.3.

Variable Frequency Drives

8.6.3.

Energy Recovery

8.6.3.1.

Biogas Utilization

8.6.3.1.1.

Combined Heat and Power

8.6.3.1.2.

8.6.3.2.

Hydroelectric Generation

8.6.3.3.

Solar Energy Applications

8.7.

Water Reuse and Reclamation

8.7.1.

8.7.1.1.

Non-Potable Reuse

8.7.1.1.1.

8.7.1.1.2.

Industrial Cooling

8.7.1.1.3.

Toilet Flushing

8.7.1.2.

Indirect Potable Reuse

8.7.1.2.1.

Groundwater Recharge

8.7.1.2.2.

Surface Water Augmentation

8.7.1.3.

Direct Potable Reuse

8.7.1.3.1.

Treatment Requirements

8.7.1.3.2.

Public Acceptance

8.7.2.

Treatment Requirements for Reuse

8.7.2.1.

Water Quality Standards

8.7.2.2.

Treatment Train Design

8.7.2.3.

Monitoring Requirements

8.7.3.

Distribution and End Uses

8.7.3.1.

Dual Distribution Systems

8.7.3.2.

Cross-Connection Prevention

8.7.3.3.

End-User Education

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7. Specialized and Industrial Treatment Systems

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1. Introduction to Water and Wastewater Treatment