Water and Wastewater Treatment

2.

Water Quality and Characterization

2.1.

Physical Characteristics

2.1.1.

2.1.1.1.

Effects on Treatment Processes

2.1.1.2.

Measurement Methods

2.1.2.

2.1.2.1.

Causes and Sources

2.1.2.2.

Measurement Units

2.1.2.2.1.

Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU)

2.1.2.2.2.

Jackson Turbidity Units

2.1.3.

2.1.3.1.

2.1.3.2.

2.1.3.3.

Sources of Color

2.1.4.

2.1.4.1.

Odor-Causing Compounds

2.1.4.2.

Taste-Causing Compounds

2.1.4.3.

Sensory Evaluation Methods

2.1.5.

2.1.5.1.

Total Solids (TS)

2.1.5.2.

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

2.1.5.3.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

2.1.5.4.

Volatile Solids (VS)

2.1.5.5.

Fixed Solids (FS)

2.2.

Chemical Characteristics

2.2.1.

pH and Alkalinity

2.2.1.1.

pH Scale and Importance

2.2.1.2.

Buffering Capacity

2.2.1.3.

Measurement Techniques

2.2.2.

2.2.2.1.

Calcium Content

2.2.2.2.

Magnesium Content

2.2.2.3.

Temporary Hardness

2.2.2.4.

Permanent Hardness

2.2.2.5.

Impacts on Treatment and Distribution

2.2.3.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

2.2.3.1.

Importance in Aquatic Systems

2.2.3.2.

Measurement Methods

2.2.4.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

2.2.4.1.

Definition and Significance

2.2.4.2.

BOD Testing Procedures

2.2.4.3.

Factors Affecting BOD

2.2.5.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

2.2.5.1.

Definition and Comparison to BOD

2.2.5.2.

COD Testing Methods

2.2.6.

2.2.6.1.

Nitrogen Species

2.2.6.1.1.

Ammonia (NH₃)

2.2.6.1.2.

Nitrite (NO₂⁻)

2.2.6.1.3.

Nitrate (NO₃⁻)

2.2.6.1.4.

Nitrogen Cycle in Water

2.2.6.2.

Phosphorus Species

2.2.6.2.1.

2.2.6.2.2.

2.2.6.2.3.

Organic Phosphorus

2.2.7.

Metals and Inorganic Non-metallics

2.2.7.1.

2.2.7.1.1.

2.2.7.1.2.

2.2.7.1.3.

2.2.7.1.4.

2.2.7.2.

2.2.7.2.1.

2.2.7.2.2.

2.2.7.2.3.

2.2.7.3.

Health and Aesthetic Impacts

2.2.8.

Organic Compounds

2.2.8.1.

Natural Organic Matter (NOM)

2.2.8.2.

Synthetic Organic Compounds

2.2.8.2.1.

2.2.8.2.2.

2.2.8.3.

Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

2.3.

Microbiological Characteristics

2.3.1.

Pathogens and Indicator Organisms

2.3.1.1.

Definition of Pathogens

2.3.1.2.

Use of Indicator Organisms

2.3.2.

2.3.2.1.

2.3.2.2.

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

2.3.2.3.

Other Pathogenic Bacteria

2.3.3.

2.3.3.1.

Enteric Viruses

2.3.3.2.

Detection Methods

2.3.4.

2.3.4.1.

2.3.4.2.

Cryptosporidium

2.3.4.3.

Cysts and Oocysts

2.3.5.

2.3.5.1.

Types of Helminths

2.3.5.2.

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1. Introduction to Water and Wastewater Treatment

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3. Principles of Treatment Processes