Water and Wastewater Treatment

  1. Specialized and Industrial Treatment Systems
    1. Desalination
      1. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
        1. Membrane Selection
          1. Membrane Materials
            1. Membrane Configuration
            2. Pretreatment Requirements
              1. Scaling Prevention
                1. Fouling Control
                2. System Design
                  1. Single-Pass Systems
                    1. Multi-Stage Systems
                    2. Energy Recovery
                      1. Pressure Exchangers
                        1. Turbines
                      2. Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF)
                        1. Process Description
                          1. Heat Recovery
                            1. Energy Considerations
                              1. Scaling Control
                              2. Multi-Effect Distillation (MED)
                                1. Process Configuration
                                  1. Energy Efficiency
                                  2. Electrodialysis
                                    1. Principle of Operation
                                      1. Membrane Types
                                        1. Energy Requirements
                                      2. Industrial Wastewater Treatment
                                        1. Food and Beverage Industry
                                          1. Typical Contaminants
                                            1. Organic Loading
                                              1. Suspended Solids
                                                1. Nutrients
                                                2. Treatment Approaches
                                                  1. Screening and Settling
                                                    1. Biological Treatment
                                                      1. Advanced Treatment
                                                    2. Pulp and Paper Industry
                                                      1. Effluent Characteristics
                                                        1. Fiber Content
                                                          1. Chemical Oxygen Demand
                                                            1. Color
                                                            2. Treatment Technologies
                                                              1. Primary Clarification
                                                                1. Biological Treatment
                                                                  1. Tertiary Treatment
                                                                2. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
                                                                  1. Hazardous Pollutants
                                                                    1. Toxic Organics
                                                                      1. Heavy Metals
                                                                        1. Phenols
                                                                        2. Specialized Treatment Methods
                                                                          1. Advanced Oxidation
                                                                            1. Activated Carbon Adsorption
                                                                              1. Membrane Separation
                                                                            2. Metal Finishing Industry
                                                                              1. Heavy Metal Removal
                                                                                1. Precipitation
                                                                                  1. Ion Exchange
                                                                                    1. Electrochemical Treatment
                                                                                    2. Cyanide Treatment
                                                                                      1. Alkaline Chlorination
                                                                                        1. Ozonation
                                                                                      2. Textile Industry
                                                                                        1. Dye Removal
                                                                                          1. Color Treatment
                                                                                            1. Biological Treatment
                                                                                            2. Pharmaceutical Industry
                                                                                              1. Antibiotic Removal
                                                                                                1. Specialized Contaminants
                                                                                                  1. Treatment Challenges
                                                                                                2. Natural Treatment Systems
                                                                                                  1. Constructed Wetlands
                                                                                                    1. Types of Constructed Wetlands
                                                                                                      1. Surface Flow Wetlands
                                                                                                        1. Subsurface Flow Wetlands
                                                                                                          1. Horizontal Flow
                                                                                                            1. Vertical Flow
                                                                                                          2. Design Parameters
                                                                                                            1. Hydraulic Loading
                                                                                                              1. Organic Loading
                                                                                                                1. Detention Time
                                                                                                                2. Performance Factors
                                                                                                                  1. Plant Selection
                                                                                                                    1. Media Selection
                                                                                                                      1. Climate Considerations
                                                                                                                    2. Land Treatment
                                                                                                                      1. Slow Rate Systems
                                                                                                                        1. Infiltration Rates
                                                                                                                          1. Crop Selection
                                                                                                                            1. Nutrient Uptake
                                                                                                                            2. Overland Flow Systems
                                                                                                                              1. Slope Requirements
                                                                                                                                1. Vegetation Management
                                                                                                                                  1. Runoff Collection
                                                                                                                                  2. Rapid Infiltration Systems
                                                                                                                                    1. Soil Requirements
                                                                                                                                      1. Loading Rates
                                                                                                                                        1. Groundwater Protection

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                                                                                                                                  6. Sludge (Biosolids) Management

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                                                                                                                                  8. System Design, Operation, and Management