Water and Wastewater Treatment

  1. Sludge (Biosolids) Management
    1. Sludge Sources and Characteristics
      1. Primary Sludge
        1. Composition
          1. Solids Content
          2. Secondary Sludge
            1. Waste Activated Sludge
              1. Biological Characteristics
              2. Tertiary Sludge
                1. Chemical Sludge
                  1. Filter Backwash Solids
                  2. Sludge Properties
                    1. Dewaterability
                      1. Settleability
                        1. Biodegradability
                      2. Sludge Thickening
                        1. Gravity Thickening
                          1. Thickener Design
                            1. Solids Loading Rate
                              1. Operational Considerations
                              2. Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)
                                1. Principles of Operation
                                  1. Air-to-Solids Ratio
                                    1. Chemical Addition
                                    2. Centrifugal Thickening
                                      1. Centrifuge Types
                                        1. Performance Factors
                                        2. Belt Thickening
                                          1. Belt Thickener Design
                                            1. Polymer Addition
                                          2. Sludge Stabilization
                                            1. Anaerobic Digestion
                                              1. Process Stages
                                                1. Hydrolysis
                                                  1. Acidogenesis
                                                    1. Methanogenesis
                                                    2. Digester Design
                                                      1. Completely Mixed Digesters
                                                        1. Plug Flow Digesters
                                                        2. Gas Production and Utilization
                                                          1. Biogas Composition
                                                            1. Energy Recovery
                                                            2. Process Control
                                                              1. Temperature Control
                                                                1. pH Control
                                                                  1. Volatile Acids
                                                                2. Aerobic Digestion
                                                                  1. Process Description
                                                                    1. Oxygen Requirements
                                                                      1. Process Control
                                                                        1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                                                                        2. Lime Stabilization
                                                                          1. Chemical Reactions
                                                                            1. Lime Dosage
                                                                              1. Pathogen Reduction
                                                                                1. pH Control
                                                                                2. Composting
                                                                                  1. Composting Methods
                                                                                    1. Windrow Composting
                                                                                      1. In-Vessel Composting
                                                                                        1. Aerated Static Pile
                                                                                        2. Process Parameters
                                                                                          1. Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio
                                                                                            1. Moisture Content
                                                                                              1. Temperature
                                                                                              2. Product Quality
                                                                                                1. Pathogen Reduction
                                                                                                  1. Vector Attraction Reduction
                                                                                              3. Sludge Dewatering
                                                                                                1. Centrifugation
                                                                                                  1. Centrifuge Types
                                                                                                    1. Solid Bowl Centrifuges
                                                                                                      1. Basket Centrifuges
                                                                                                      2. Performance Factors
                                                                                                        1. Polymer Addition
                                                                                                          1. Feed Solids Concentration
                                                                                                        2. Belt Filter Press
                                                                                                          1. Process Description
                                                                                                            1. Belt Types
                                                                                                              1. Operation and Maintenance
                                                                                                              2. Screw Press
                                                                                                                1. Design Features
                                                                                                                  1. Performance Characteristics
                                                                                                                  2. Filter Press
                                                                                                                    1. Plate and Frame Presses
                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Presses
                                                                                                                        1. Cycle Time
                                                                                                                        2. Drying Beds
                                                                                                                          1. Sand Drying Beds
                                                                                                                            1. Paved Drying Beds
                                                                                                                              1. Design and Operation
                                                                                                                                1. Climate Considerations
                                                                                                                              2. Biosolids Disposal and Reuse
                                                                                                                                1. Land Application
                                                                                                                                  1. Regulatory Requirements
                                                                                                                                    1. Part 503 Rule
                                                                                                                                      1. Pathogen Reduction
                                                                                                                                        1. Vector Attraction Reduction
                                                                                                                                        2. Agronomic Benefits
                                                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Content
                                                                                                                                            1. Soil Conditioning
                                                                                                                                            2. Application Methods
                                                                                                                                              1. Surface Application
                                                                                                                                                1. Injection
                                                                                                                                              2. Incineration
                                                                                                                                                1. Incineration Technologies
                                                                                                                                                  1. Multiple Hearth Furnaces
                                                                                                                                                    1. Fluidized Bed Incinerators
                                                                                                                                                    2. Emission Controls
                                                                                                                                                      1. Air Pollution Control
                                                                                                                                                        1. Ash Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                        2. Energy Recovery
                                                                                                                                                        3. Landfilling
                                                                                                                                                          1. Site Selection Criteria
                                                                                                                                                            1. Leachate Management
                                                                                                                                                              1. Gas Control
                                                                                                                                                              2. Beneficial Reuse Products
                                                                                                                                                                1. Soil Amendments
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Fertilizer Products
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Energy Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Biogas Utilization
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Heat Recovery

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                                                                                                                                                                  5. Wastewater Treatment

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                                                                                                                                                                  7. Specialized and Industrial Treatment Systems