Water and Wastewater Treatment

  1. Wastewater Treatment
    1. Wastewater Sources and Characteristics
      1. Municipal Wastewater
        1. Domestic Sewage Composition
          1. Flow Variations
            1. Loading Calculations
            2. Industrial Wastewater
              1. Common Industrial Pollutants
                1. Pretreatment Requirements
                  1. Discharge Permits
                  2. Stormwater and Infiltration/Inflow
                    1. Sources and Impacts
                      1. Combined Sewer Overflows
                        1. Control Measures
                      2. Preliminary Treatment
                        1. Screening
                          1. Bar Screens
                            1. Manual Screens
                              1. Mechanical Screens
                              2. Fine Screens
                                1. Maintenance and Debris Handling
                                2. Comminution
                                  1. Grinders and Shredders
                                    1. Purpose and Equipment
                                    2. Grit Removal
                                      1. Grit Chamber Types
                                        1. Horizontal Flow
                                          1. Aerated Grit Chambers
                                            1. Vortex Grit Chambers
                                            2. Grit Classification
                                              1. Grit Disposal
                                              2. Flow Equalization
                                                1. Equalization Basin Design
                                                  1. Flow Control
                                                    1. Benefits and Operation
                                                  2. Primary Treatment
                                                    1. Primary Sedimentation Tanks
                                                      1. Design Criteria
                                                        1. Detention Time
                                                          1. Surface Loading Rate
                                                            1. Weir Loading Rate
                                                            2. Tank Configurations
                                                              1. Rectangular Tanks
                                                                1. Circular Tanks
                                                                2. Sludge Collection Systems
                                                                  1. Scum Removal
                                                                    1. Performance Evaluation
                                                                  2. Secondary (Biological) Treatment
                                                                    1. Objectives of Biological Treatment
                                                                      1. Organic Matter Removal
                                                                        1. BOD Reduction
                                                                          1. Suspended Solids Removal
                                                                          2. Suspended Growth Processes
                                                                            1. Activated Sludge Process
                                                                              1. Process Configurations
                                                                                1. Conventional Activated Sludge
                                                                                  1. Step-Feed Process
                                                                                    1. Extended Aeration
                                                                                      1. Contact Stabilization
                                                                                      2. Aeration Systems
                                                                                        1. Diffused Aeration
                                                                                          1. Fine Bubble Diffusers
                                                                                            1. Coarse Bubble Diffusers
                                                                                            2. Mechanical Aeration
                                                                                              1. Surface Aerators
                                                                                                1. Brush Aerators
                                                                                              2. Secondary Clarification
                                                                                                1. Clarifier Design
                                                                                                  1. Sludge Blanket
                                                                                                    1. Sludge Return Systems
                                                                                                      1. Waste Sludge Systems
                                                                                                      2. Process Control Parameters
                                                                                                        1. Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS)
                                                                                                          1. Sludge Volume Index (SVI)
                                                                                                            1. Food-to-Microorganism Ratio (F/M)
                                                                                                            2. Sludge Bulking and Foaming
                                                                                                              1. Filamentous Bacteria
                                                                                                                1. Causes and Control
                                                                                                              2. Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR)
                                                                                                                1. Operating Cycles
                                                                                                                  1. Fill Phase
                                                                                                                    1. React Phase
                                                                                                                      1. Settle Phase
                                                                                                                        1. Decant Phase
                                                                                                                        2. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                        3. Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)
                                                                                                                          1. Membrane Types
                                                                                                                            1. Hollow Fiber
                                                                                                                              1. Flat Sheet
                                                                                                                              2. Integration with Biological Treatment
                                                                                                                                1. Fouling Control
                                                                                                                              3. Attached Growth (Biofilm) Processes
                                                                                                                                1. Trickling Filters
                                                                                                                                  1. Media Types
                                                                                                                                    1. Rock Media
                                                                                                                                      1. Plastic Media
                                                                                                                                      2. Hydraulic Loading
                                                                                                                                        1. Organic Loading
                                                                                                                                          1. Recirculation
                                                                                                                                          2. Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs)
                                                                                                                                            1. Design Parameters
                                                                                                                                              1. Operation and Maintenance
                                                                                                                                              2. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR)
                                                                                                                                                1. Carrier Media
                                                                                                                                                  1. Process Control
                                                                                                                                                    1. Hybrid Systems
                                                                                                                                                  2. Lagoon and Pond Systems
                                                                                                                                                    1. Aerobic Ponds
                                                                                                                                                      1. Design Parameters
                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Supply
                                                                                                                                                        2. Anaerobic Ponds
                                                                                                                                                          1. Sludge Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Gas Production
                                                                                                                                                            2. Facultative Ponds
                                                                                                                                                              1. Stratification
                                                                                                                                                                1. Performance Factors
                                                                                                                                                            3. Tertiary (Advanced) Wastewater Treatment
                                                                                                                                                              1. Nutrient Removal
                                                                                                                                                                1. Nitrogen Removal
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nitrification Process
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ammonia Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nitrite Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Denitrification Process
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nitrate Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carbon Source Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Process Configurations
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE)
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Bardenpho Process
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sequencing Batch Reactors
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Phosphorus Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR)
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Anaerobic-Aerobic Process
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phosphorus-Accumulating Organisms
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Chemical Phosphorus Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Aluminum Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Iron Salts
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lime
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Effluent Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sand Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Intermittent Sand Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Continuous Sand Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Membrane Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Microfiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ultrafiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Disinfection of Effluent
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chlorination
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Contact Time Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dechlorination
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. UV Disinfection
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. UV Dose Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. System Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Ozonation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Ozone Contact Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Residual Management

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                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. Drinking Water Treatment

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                                                                                                                                                                                                      6. Sludge (Biosolids) Management