Water and Wastewater Treatment

  1. Drinking Water Treatment
    1. Source Water Protection and Intake Structures
      1. Watershed Management
        1. Source Protection Zones
          1. Land Use Controls
          2. Source Water Assessment
            1. Vulnerability Analysis
              1. Contamination Sources
              2. Intake Design and Siting
                1. Location Considerations
                  1. Intake Types
                  2. Screening at Intake
                    1. Coarse Screening
                      1. Fine Screening
                    2. Pre-treatment Processes
                      1. Screening
                        1. Bar Screens
                          1. Drum Screens
                            1. Maintenance and Operation
                            2. Aeration
                              1. Cascade Aerators
                                1. Fountain Aerators
                                  1. Diffused Aeration
                                    1. Removal of Volatile Compounds
                                    2. Pre-oxidation
                                      1. Chlorine Pre-oxidation
                                        1. Ozone Pre-oxidation
                                          1. Control of Taste and Odor
                                            1. Algae Control
                                          2. Coagulation and Flocculation
                                            1. Coagulant Chemistry
                                              1. Aluminum Salts
                                                1. Alum (Aluminum Sulfate)
                                                  1. Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC)
                                                    1. Dosing Calculations
                                                      1. Handling and Storage
                                                      2. Iron Salts
                                                        1. Ferric Chloride
                                                          1. Ferric Sulfate
                                                            1. Ferrous Sulfate
                                                            2. Polymers
                                                              1. Cationic Polymers
                                                                1. Anionic Polymers
                                                                  1. Nonionic Polymers
                                                                    1. Application Methods
                                                                  2. Rapid Mixing
                                                                    1. Mixing Devices
                                                                      1. Mechanical Mixers
                                                                        1. Static Mixers
                                                                        2. Mixing Intensity
                                                                          1. Mixing Time
                                                                          2. Slow Mixing (Flocculation)
                                                                            1. Flocculator Design
                                                                              1. Paddle Flocculators
                                                                                1. Turbine Flocculators
                                                                                2. Floc Growth Mechanisms
                                                                                  1. Floc Breakage
                                                                                    1. Tapered Flocculation
                                                                                  2. Sedimentation and Clarification
                                                                                    1. Principles of Gravity Settling
                                                                                      1. Discrete Settling
                                                                                        1. Flocculent Settling
                                                                                          1. Hindered Settling
                                                                                            1. Compression Settling
                                                                                            2. Clarifier Design and Operation
                                                                                              1. Rectangular Clarifiers
                                                                                                1. Circular Clarifiers
                                                                                                  1. High-Rate Clarifiers
                                                                                                    1. Sludge Collection Systems
                                                                                                      1. Sludge Removal
                                                                                                    2. Filtration
                                                                                                      1. Granular Media Filtration
                                                                                                        1. Slow Sand Filters
                                                                                                          1. Filter Media Characteristics
                                                                                                            1. Schmutzdecke Formation
                                                                                                              1. Operation and Maintenance
                                                                                                                1. Cleaning Procedures
                                                                                                                2. Rapid Sand Filters
                                                                                                                  1. Filter Design Parameters
                                                                                                                    1. Media Selection
                                                                                                                      1. Backwashing Procedures
                                                                                                                        1. Filter Performance
                                                                                                                        2. Dual Media Filters
                                                                                                                          1. Anthracite and Sand
                                                                                                                            1. Media Stratification
                                                                                                                            2. Multi-Media Filters
                                                                                                                              1. Three-Layer Systems
                                                                                                                                1. Media Characteristics
                                                                                                                              2. Membrane Filtration
                                                                                                                                1. Microfiltration (MF)
                                                                                                                                  1. Pore Size Range
                                                                                                                                    1. Membrane Materials
                                                                                                                                    2. Ultrafiltration (UF)
                                                                                                                                      1. Molecular Weight Cutoff
                                                                                                                                        1. Removal Capabilities
                                                                                                                                          1. System Configuration
                                                                                                                                          2. Nanofiltration (NF)
                                                                                                                                            1. Softening Applications
                                                                                                                                              1. Organics Removal
                                                                                                                                                1. Operating Pressure
                                                                                                                                                2. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
                                                                                                                                                  1. Desalination Applications
                                                                                                                                                    1. Contaminant Removal
                                                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Fouling
                                                                                                                                                        1. Cleaning Procedures
                                                                                                                                                          1. Concentrate Disposal
                                                                                                                                                      2. Disinfection
                                                                                                                                                        1. Disinfection Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                          1. Chick's Law
                                                                                                                                                            1. CT Concept (Concentration × Time)
                                                                                                                                                              1. Log Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                1. Factors Affecting Disinfection
                                                                                                                                                                2. Chlorination
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chlorine Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Free Chlorine
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Combined Chlorine
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chlorine Demand
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Breakpoint Chlorination
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Breakpoint Curve
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chloramine Formation
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Disinfection Byproducts (DBPs)
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Trihalomethanes (THMs)
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Haloacetic Acids (HAAs)
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Health Concerns
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Control Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Ozonation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ozone Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Corona Discharge
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. UV Photolysis
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Ozone Chemistry
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mechanism of Disinfection
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ozone Contactors
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. UV Dose Calculation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. UV Effectiveness
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. System Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Low-Pressure Lamps
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Medium-Pressure Lamps
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. UV Transmittance
                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Chloramination
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Monochloramine Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Distribution System Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Advanced Water Treatment Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Adsorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Activated Carbon Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Adsorption Isotherms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Freundlich Isotherm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Langmuir Isotherm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Carbon Regeneration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Ion Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cation Exchange Resins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Anion Exchange Resins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Regeneration Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. System Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Air Stripping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Volatile Contaminant Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Packed Tower Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Mass Transfer Principles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. UV/Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fenton's Reagent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Applications and Limitations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Water Softening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lime Softening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lime-Soda Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Recarbonation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sludge Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Ion Exchange Softening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sodium Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Regeneration with Salt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. System Operation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Operational Considerations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Hardness Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chemical Dosing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Corrosion and Scaling Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Causes of Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Galvanic Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Uniform Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pitting Corrosion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Causes of Scaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Calcium Carbonate Scaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Other Scale Types
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Control Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. pH Adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Corrosion Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cathodic Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Monitoring and Prevention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Corrosion Indices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Water Quality Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Water Distribution Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Distribution System Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pipes and Fittings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Valves and Hydrants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Storage Tanks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Hydraulic Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pipe Sizing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pressure Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flow Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Water Quality Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chlorine Residual
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flushing Programs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cross-Connection Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Leak Detection and Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Detection Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Repair Techniques

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Principles of Treatment Processes

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  5. Wastewater Treatment