Stream Ecology

9.

Stream Restoration and Management

9.1.

Restoration Principles and Planning

9.1.1.

Ecological Restoration Concepts

9.1.1.1.

Reference Ecosystems

9.1.1.1.1.

Historical Conditions

9.1.1.1.2.

9.1.1.1.3.

Desired Future Conditions

9.1.1.2.

Restoration Goals

9.1.1.2.1.

Structure Restoration

9.1.1.2.2.

Function Restoration

9.1.1.2.3.

Process Restoration

9.1.1.3.

Success Criteria

9.1.1.3.1.

Measurable Objectives

9.1.1.3.2.

Performance Standards

9.1.1.3.3.

Monitoring Protocols

9.1.2.

Restoration Planning Process

9.1.2.1.

Problem Identification

9.1.2.1.1.

Stressor Assessment

9.1.2.1.2.

Impairment Diagnosis

9.1.2.1.3.

Causal Analysis

9.1.2.2.

Site Assessment

9.1.2.2.1.

Existing Conditions

9.1.2.2.2.

Constraints and Opportunities

9.1.2.2.3.

Feasibility Analysis

9.1.2.3.

Design Development

9.1.2.3.1.

Conceptual Design

9.1.2.3.2.

Detailed Design

9.1.2.3.3.

Adaptive Management Planning

9.1.3.

Watershed Context

9.1.3.1.

Catchment-scale Considerations

9.1.3.1.1.

Land Use Patterns

9.1.3.1.2.

Connectivity Issues

9.1.3.1.3.

Cumulative Effects

9.1.3.2.

Prioritization Approaches

9.1.3.2.1.

Cost-benefit Analysis

9.1.3.2.2.

Ecological Value Assessment

9.1.3.2.3.

Implementation Feasibility

9.2.

Physical Habitat Restoration

9.2.1.

Channel Restoration

9.2.1.1.

Channel Design Principles

9.2.1.1.1.

Hydraulic Geometry

9.2.1.1.2.

Sediment Transport

9.2.1.1.3.

Stability Considerations

9.2.1.2.

Channel Reconstruction

9.2.1.2.1.

9.2.1.2.2.

Dimension Restoration

9.2.1.2.3.

Pattern Restoration

9.2.1.3.

Bank Stabilization

9.2.1.3.1.

Bioengineering Techniques

9.2.1.3.2.

Living Shorelines

9.2.1.3.3.

Erosion Control

9.2.2.

In-stream Habitat Enhancement

9.2.2.1.

Riffle-Pool Restoration

9.2.2.1.1.

Sequence Design

9.2.2.1.2.

Substrate Placement

9.2.2.1.3.

Flow Deflection

9.2.2.2.

Large Woody Debris Addition

9.2.2.2.1.

Placement Strategies

9.2.2.2.2.

Anchoring Methods

9.2.2.2.3.

Safety Considerations

9.2.2.3.

Boulder and Rock Placement

9.2.2.3.1.

9.2.2.3.2.

Flow Modification

9.2.2.3.3.

Scour Pool Formation

9.2.3.

Floodplain Restoration

9.2.3.1.

Floodplain Reconnection

9.2.3.1.1.

9.2.3.1.2.

9.2.3.1.3.

Side Channel Creation

9.2.3.2.

Wetland Restoration

9.2.3.2.1.

Hydrology Restoration

9.2.3.2.2.

Vegetation Establishment

9.2.3.2.3.

Wildlife Habitat Creation

9.3.

Riparian Zone Restoration

9.3.1.

Vegetation Establishment

9.3.1.1.

Species Selection

9.3.1.1.1.

Native Species Priority

9.3.1.1.2.

9.3.1.1.3.

Functional Considerations

9.3.1.2.

Planting Techniques

9.3.1.2.1.

9.3.1.2.2.

9.3.1.2.3.

Natural Regeneration

9.3.1.3.

Establishment Care

9.3.1.3.1.

9.3.1.3.2.

Protection from Herbivory

9.3.1.3.3.

9.3.2.

Invasive Species Control

9.3.2.1.

Prevention Strategies

9.3.2.2.

Early Detection

9.3.2.3.

Control Methods

9.3.2.3.1.

Mechanical Removal

9.3.2.3.2.

Chemical Treatment

9.3.2.3.3.

Biological Control

9.3.2.4.

Follow-up Management

9.3.3.

Grazing Management

9.3.3.1.

Livestock Exclusion

9.3.3.2.

Rotational Grazing

9.3.3.3.

Alternative Water Sources

9.4.

Water Quality Restoration

9.4.1.

Nutrient Reduction

9.4.1.1.

9.4.1.1.1.

Agricultural Best Management Practices

9.4.1.1.2.

Urban Stormwater Management

9.4.1.1.3.

Wastewater Treatment Upgrades

9.4.1.2.

In-stream Treatment

9.4.1.2.1.

Constructed Wetlands

9.4.1.2.2.

Bioretention Systems

9.4.1.2.3.

Nutrient Trading Programs

9.4.2.

Sediment Reduction

9.4.2.1.

Erosion Control

9.4.2.1.1.

Soil Conservation Practices

9.4.2.1.2.

Streambank Stabilization

9.4.2.1.3.

Road Management

9.4.2.2.

Sediment Removal

9.4.2.2.1.

9.4.2.2.2.

9.4.2.2.3.

Settling Basins

9.4.3.

Contaminant Remediation

9.4.3.1.

Source Elimination

9.4.3.2.

In-situ Treatment

9.4.3.3.

Natural Attenuation

9.5.

Flow Regime Restoration

9.5.1.

9.5.1.1.

Feasibility Assessment

9.5.1.1.1.

Engineering Considerations

9.5.1.1.2.

Environmental Benefits

9.5.1.1.3.

Stakeholder Concerns

9.5.1.2.

Removal Process

9.5.1.2.1.

Sediment Management

9.5.1.2.2.

9.5.1.2.3.

Monitoring Requirements

9.5.2.

Environmental Flow Management

9.5.2.1.

Flow Requirement Determination

9.5.2.1.1.

Instream Flow Studies

9.5.2.1.2.

Habitat Modeling

9.5.2.1.3.

Stakeholder Negotiation

9.5.2.2.

Adaptive Flow Management

9.5.2.2.1.

9.5.2.2.2.

Monitoring and Adjustment

9.5.3.

Stormwater Management

9.5.3.1.

Green Infrastructure

9.5.3.1.1.

9.5.3.1.2.

Permeable Pavement

9.5.3.1.3.

9.5.3.2.

Low Impact Development

9.5.3.2.1.

9.5.3.2.2.

Runoff Reduction

9.5.3.2.3.

Water Quality Improvement

9.6.

Biological Restoration

9.6.1.

Fish Population Restoration

9.6.1.1.

Habitat Improvement

9.6.1.2.

Stocking Programs

9.6.1.2.1.

Genetic Considerations

9.6.1.2.2.

Disease Prevention

9.6.1.2.3.

Success Monitoring

9.6.1.3.

Barrier Removal

9.6.1.3.1.

Fish Passage Design

9.6.1.3.2.

Connectivity Restoration

9.6.2.

Invertebrate Community Restoration

9.6.2.1.

Habitat Enhancement

9.6.2.2.

Colonization Facilitation

9.6.2.3.

Invasive Species Control

9.6.3.

Ecosystem Function Restoration

9.6.3.1.

Food Web Restoration

9.6.3.2.

Nutrient Cycling Enhancement

9.6.3.3.

Energy Flow Restoration

9.7.

Restoration Monitoring and Adaptive Management

9.7.1.

Monitoring Design

9.7.1.1.

Before-After-Control-Impact Design

9.7.1.2.

Reference Site Comparison

9.7.1.3.

Trajectory Monitoring

9.7.2.

Performance Metrics

9.7.2.1.

Physical Metrics

9.7.2.1.1.

Channel Stability

9.7.2.1.2.

Habitat Complexity

9.7.2.1.3.

Substrate Composition

9.7.2.2.

Chemical Metrics

9.7.2.2.1.

Water Quality Parameters

9.7.2.2.2.

Nutrient Concentrations

9.7.2.3.

Biological Metrics

9.7.2.3.1.

Species Composition

9.7.2.3.2.

Community Structure

9.7.2.3.3.

Ecosystem Function

9.7.3.

Adaptive Management

9.7.3.1.

Monitoring Results Evaluation

9.7.3.2.

Management Adjustments

9.7.3.3.

Learning Integration

9.7.4.

Long-term Stewardship

9.7.4.1.

Maintenance Requirements

9.7.4.2.

Funding Mechanisms

9.7.4.3.

Community Involvement

9.8.

Policy and Regulatory Framework

9.8.1.

Water Quality Regulations

9.8.1.1.

Clean Water Act

9.8.1.1.1.

Total Maximum Daily Loads

9.8.1.1.2.

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

9.8.1.1.3.

Section 404 Permits

9.8.1.2.

State Water Quality Standards

9.8.1.3.

International Agreements

9.8.2.

Habitat Protection Laws

9.8.2.1.

Endangered Species Act

9.8.2.2.

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act

9.8.2.3.

State Wildlife Protection Laws

9.8.3.

Restoration Incentives

9.8.3.1.

Conservation Programs

9.8.3.1.1.

Conservation Reserve Program

9.8.3.1.2.

Environmental Quality Incentives Program

9.8.3.2.

Mitigation Banking

9.8.3.3.

Payment for Ecosystem Services

9.8.4.

Stakeholder Engagement

9.8.4.1.

Public Participation

9.8.4.2.

Collaborative Planning

9.8.4.3.

Conflict Resolution

9.8.4.4.

Education and Outreach

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8. Stream Assessment and Biomonitoring

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1. Introduction to Stream Ecology