Stream Ecology

  1. Human Impacts on Stream Ecosystems
    1. Water Quality Degradation
      1. Point Source Pollution
        1. Industrial Effluents
          1. Chemical Contaminants
            1. Thermal Pollution
              1. Heavy Metals
              2. Municipal Wastewater
                1. Nutrient Loading
                  1. Pathogen Introduction
                    1. Pharmaceutical Compounds
                    2. Combined Sewer Overflows
                      1. Storm Event Impacts
                        1. Pollutant Pulses
                      2. Non-point Source Pollution
                        1. Agricultural Runoff
                          1. Fertilizer Inputs
                            1. Nitrogen Loading
                              1. Phosphorus Loading
                              2. Pesticide Contamination
                                1. Herbicides
                                  1. Insecticides
                                    1. Fungicides
                                    2. Sediment Loading
                                      1. Soil Erosion
                                        1. Bank Erosion
                                      2. Urban Runoff
                                        1. Stormwater Pollution
                                          1. Road Salt
                                            1. Petroleum Products
                                              1. Heavy Metals
                                              2. Impervious Surface Effects
                                                1. Increased Runoff Volume
                                                  1. Altered Flow Timing
                                                2. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                  1. Acid Rain
                                                    1. Nitrogen Deposition
                                                      1. Mercury Deposition
                                                    2. Emerging Contaminants
                                                      1. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
                                                        1. Endocrine Disrupting Compounds
                                                          1. Microplastics
                                                            1. Nanoparticles
                                                          2. Physical Habitat Modification
                                                            1. Flow Regulation
                                                              1. Dams and Reservoirs
                                                                1. Flow Regime Alteration
                                                                  1. Reduced Peak Flows
                                                                    1. Increased Base Flows
                                                                      1. Flow Timing Changes
                                                                      2. Thermal Regime Changes
                                                                        1. Cold Water Releases
                                                                          1. Thermal Stratification
                                                                          2. Sediment Trapping
                                                                            1. Downstream Sediment Starvation
                                                                              1. Channel Incision
                                                                              2. Habitat Fragmentation
                                                                                1. Migration Barriers
                                                                                  1. Population Isolation
                                                                                2. Water Diversions
                                                                                  1. Reduced Flows
                                                                                    1. Dewatered Reaches
                                                                                      1. Return Flow Effects
                                                                                    2. Channel Modifications
                                                                                      1. Channelization
                                                                                        1. Straightening
                                                                                          1. Deepening
                                                                                            1. Widening
                                                                                              1. Habitat Simplification
                                                                                              2. Bank Armoring
                                                                                                1. Riprap Installation
                                                                                                  1. Concrete Lining
                                                                                                    1. Natural Bank Loss
                                                                                                    2. In-stream Structures
                                                                                                      1. Weirs and Low-head Dams
                                                                                                        1. Culverts
                                                                                                          1. Bridges
                                                                                                        2. Watershed Land Use Changes
                                                                                                          1. Deforestation
                                                                                                            1. Increased Erosion
                                                                                                              1. Altered Hydrology
                                                                                                                1. Temperature Increases
                                                                                                                  1. Reduced Organic Matter Inputs
                                                                                                                  2. Urbanization
                                                                                                                    1. Impervious Surface Expansion
                                                                                                                      1. Stream Channel Modifications
                                                                                                                        1. Stormwater Management
                                                                                                                          1. Heat Island Effects
                                                                                                                          2. Agricultural Conversion
                                                                                                                            1. Riparian Zone Removal
                                                                                                                              1. Drainage Modifications
                                                                                                                                1. Chemical Inputs
                                                                                                                                  1. Livestock Access
                                                                                                                                  2. Mining Activities
                                                                                                                                    1. Surface Mining
                                                                                                                                      1. Acid Mine Drainage
                                                                                                                                        1. Heavy Metal Contamination
                                                                                                                                          1. Sedimentation
                                                                                                                                      2. Biological Impacts
                                                                                                                                        1. Species Introductions
                                                                                                                                          1. Pathways of Introduction
                                                                                                                                            1. Intentional Releases
                                                                                                                                              1. Accidental Introductions
                                                                                                                                                1. Aquaculture Escapes
                                                                                                                                                  1. Ballast Water
                                                                                                                                                  2. Invasive Species Effects
                                                                                                                                                    1. Competition with Natives
                                                                                                                                                      1. Predation on Natives
                                                                                                                                                        1. Habitat Modification
                                                                                                                                                          1. Disease Transmission
                                                                                                                                                            1. Hybridization
                                                                                                                                                            2. Management Challenges
                                                                                                                                                              1. Early Detection
                                                                                                                                                                1. Rapid Response
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Control Methods
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Prevention Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Overharvesting
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Commercial Fishing
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Population Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Size Structure Changes
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Genetic Effects
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Recreational Fishing
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Angling Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Harvest Regulations
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Bycatch Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Non-target Species
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gear Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Habitat Degradation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Population Declines
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Local Extinctions
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Range Contractions
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Community Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Species Composition Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Functional Group Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Trophic Structure Alterations
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Genetic Consequences
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Population Bottlenecks
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Loss of Genetic Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Inbreeding Depression
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Climate Change Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hydrologic Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Precipitation Pattern Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Intensity Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Drought Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Snowpack and Snowmelt Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Earlier Snowmelt
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reduced Snowpack
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Rain-on-Snow Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Extreme Event Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Increased Flood Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Prolonged Droughts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flash Flood Events
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Temperature Increases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Metabolic Rate Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Oxygen Solubility Decreases
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Thermal Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Species Range Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Upstream Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Elevational Shifts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Local Extinctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Phenological Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Breeding Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Emergence Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Migration Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ecosystem Process Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Primary Production Alterations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Decomposition Rate Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Cycling Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Food Web Disruptions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Interaction Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Multiple Stressor Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cumulative Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Threshold Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Adaptive Capacity

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                6. Major Stream Ecosystem Concepts and Models

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                8. Stream Assessment and Biomonitoring