Stream Ecology

  1. Ecological Processes and Interactions
    1. Energy Flow and Trophic Structure
      1. Food Web Organization
        1. Trophic Levels
          1. Primary Producers
            1. Primary Consumers
              1. Secondary Consumers
                1. Tertiary Consumers
                  1. Decomposers
                  2. Food Web Complexity
                    1. Connectance
                      1. Chain Length
                        1. Omnivory
                        2. Energy Transfer Efficiency
                          1. Trophic Transfer Efficiency
                            1. Production Efficiency
                              1. Assimilation Efficiency
                            2. Functional Feeding Groups
                              1. Shredders
                                1. Coarse Particulate Organic Matter Processing
                                  1. Leaf Conditioning
                                    1. Fragmentation Processes
                                    2. Collectors
                                      1. Gathering Collectors
                                        1. Deposit Feeding
                                          1. Surface Scraping
                                          2. Filtering Collectors
                                            1. Suspension Feeding
                                              1. Net Construction
                                            2. Scrapers
                                              1. Periphyton Removal
                                                1. Substrate Cleaning
                                                  1. Algal Cell Harvesting
                                                  2. Predators
                                                    1. Engulfers
                                                      1. Piercers
                                                        1. Parasites
                                                          1. Prey Selection Strategies
                                                        2. Trophic Cascades
                                                          1. Top-down Control
                                                            1. Bottom-up Control
                                                              1. Intermediate Disturbance Effects
                                                            2. Primary Production and Ecosystem Metabolism
                                                              1. Gross Primary Production
                                                                1. Measurement Methods
                                                                  1. Oxygen Method
                                                                    1. Carbon-14 Method
                                                                      1. Biomass Accumulation
                                                                      2. Controlling Factors
                                                                        1. Light Availability
                                                                          1. Nutrient Availability
                                                                            1. Temperature
                                                                              1. Flow Regime
                                                                            2. Community Respiration
                                                                              1. Autotrophic Respiration
                                                                                1. Heterotrophic Respiration
                                                                                  1. Measurement Techniques
                                                                                  2. Net Ecosystem Production
                                                                                    1. P/R Ratios
                                                                                      1. Autotrophic Systems
                                                                                        1. Heterotrophic Systems
                                                                                          1. Balanced Systems
                                                                                          2. Diel Oxygen Curves
                                                                                            1. Interpretation Methods
                                                                                              1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                            2. Factors Limiting Production
                                                                                              1. Light Limitation
                                                                                                1. Canopy Cover Effects
                                                                                                  1. Turbidity Effects
                                                                                                    1. Depth Effects
                                                                                                    2. Nutrient Limitation
                                                                                                      1. Nitrogen Limitation
                                                                                                        1. Phosphorus Limitation
                                                                                                          1. Co-limitation
                                                                                                          2. Physical Disturbance
                                                                                                            1. Flood Effects
                                                                                                              1. Substrate Mobility
                                                                                                          3. Decomposition and Detrital Processing
                                                                                                            1. Leaf Litter Decomposition
                                                                                                              1. Decomposition Phases
                                                                                                                1. Leaching Phase
                                                                                                                  1. Conditioning Phase
                                                                                                                    1. Fragmentation Phase
                                                                                                                      1. Mineralization Phase
                                                                                                                      2. Decomposition Rates
                                                                                                                        1. Species-specific Rates
                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Controls
                                                                                                                            1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                                                            2. Quality of Leaf Litter
                                                                                                                              1. Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio
                                                                                                                                1. Lignin Content
                                                                                                                                  1. Secondary Compounds
                                                                                                                                2. Microbial Processing
                                                                                                                                  1. Bacterial Colonization
                                                                                                                                    1. Succession Patterns
                                                                                                                                      1. Enzyme Production
                                                                                                                                      2. Fungal Conditioning
                                                                                                                                        1. Hyphomycete Colonization
                                                                                                                                          1. Nutritional Enhancement
                                                                                                                                        2. Invertebrate Processing
                                                                                                                                          1. Shredder Fragmentation
                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanical Breakdown
                                                                                                                                              1. Gut Processing
                                                                                                                                              2. Collector Utilization
                                                                                                                                                1. Fine Particle Consumption
                                                                                                                                                  1. Fecal Pellet Production
                                                                                                                                                2. Woody Debris Decomposition
                                                                                                                                                  1. Physical Breakdown
                                                                                                                                                    1. Biological Processing
                                                                                                                                                      1. Habitat Provision
                                                                                                                                                    2. Nutrient Cycling and Spiraling
                                                                                                                                                      1. Nutrient Spiraling Concept
                                                                                                                                                        1. Uptake Length
                                                                                                                                                          1. Measurement Methods
                                                                                                                                                            1. Factors Affecting Uptake
                                                                                                                                                            2. Turnover Length
                                                                                                                                                              1. Calculation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                1. Ecological Significance
                                                                                                                                                                2. Spiraling Index
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Efficiency Measures
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Comparative Studies
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nitrogen Spiraling
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ammonium Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nitrate Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biological vs. Physical Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Phosphorus Spiraling
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Orthophosphate Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biological Demand
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sediment Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Factors Affecting Spiraling
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Discharge and Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Biological Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Substrate Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nutrient Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Population and Community Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Population Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Density-dependent Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Predation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Density-independent Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Physical Disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Climate Variation
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Pollution
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Dispersal and Colonization
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Active Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Swimming
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Crawling
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flying
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Passive Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flood Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Human-mediated Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Colonization Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Distance Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Habitat Quality Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Source Population Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Invertebrate Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Behavioral Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Predator Avoidance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Catastrophic Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flood-induced Drift
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Disturbance Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Drift Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Diel Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Taxonomic Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Community Assembly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Species Sorting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Priority Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neutral Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Filtering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Succession and Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Primary Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. New Habitat Colonization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Secondary Succession
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Post-disturbance Recovery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Successional Trajectories
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Predictable Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Alternative States
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Biotic Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Interspecific Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Resource Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Interference Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Apparent Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Intraspecific Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Density Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Size-structured Competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Competitive Exclusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Niche Partitioning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coexistence Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Predation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Predator-Prey Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Functional Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Numerical Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Spatial Refugia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Anti-predator Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Morphological Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Behavioral Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Predation Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Direct Mortality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Indirect Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Trait-mediated Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Herbivory and Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Algal Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Grazer Effects on Periphyton
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Grazing Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Macrophyte Herbivory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vertebrate Herbivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Invertebrate Herbivores
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Parasitism and Disease
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Parasite Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Direct Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Complex Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Host-Parasite Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Virulence Evolution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Host Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Disease Outbreaks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Triggers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Population Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mutualism and Facilitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cleaning Symbioses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Facilitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Indirect Facilitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Disturbance Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Types of Disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hydrologic Disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Floods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Droughts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flow Fluctuations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Physical Disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Substrate Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ice Scour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Debris Flows
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Biological Disturbance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Disease Outbreaks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Invasive Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Disturbance Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Frequency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Magnitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Duration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Spatial Extent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Predictability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Disturbance Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Direct Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mortality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Displacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Habitat Destruction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Indirect Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Resource Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Competitive Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Predation Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Recovery Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Resilience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Alternative Stable States
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Patch Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Habitat Heterogeneity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Spatial Patchiness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Temporal Variability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Metapopulation Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Local Extinctions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Recolonization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Metacommunity Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Species Sorting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mass Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Neutral Dynamics

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  4. Stream Biota and Adaptations

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Go to top

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  6. Major Stream Ecosystem Concepts and Models