Stream Ecology

  1. The Physical Environment
    1. Hydrology and Flow Regimes
      1. Discharge and Velocity
        1. Measurement Techniques
          1. Current Meters
            1. Acoustic Doppler Methods
              1. Tracer Studies
              2. Spatial Variability
                1. Cross-sectional Patterns
                  1. Longitudinal Patterns
                  2. Temporal Variability
                    1. Seasonal Patterns
                      1. Annual Variation
                    2. Flow Characteristics
                      1. Laminar Flow
                        1. Conditions and Occurrence
                          1. Flow Profiles
                          2. Turbulent Flow
                            1. Reynolds Number
                              1. Turbulence Intensity
                                1. Ecological Implications
                              2. Hydrographs
                                1. Components of a Hydrograph
                                  1. Rising Limb
                                    1. Peak Flow
                                      1. Recession Limb
                                        1. Baseflow
                                        2. Storm Hydrographs
                                          1. Seasonal Hydrographs
                                            1. Interpretation of Flow Events
                                            2. Flow Variability and Disturbance
                                              1. Flood Events
                                                1. Causes and Frequency
                                                  1. Magnitude-Frequency Relationships
                                                    1. Ecological Consequences
                                                    2. Drought Cycles
                                                      1. Types of Drought
                                                        1. Ecological Responses
                                                        2. Flow Intermittency
                                                          1. Temporary Streams
                                                            1. Drying Patterns
                                                          2. Groundwater Interactions
                                                            1. Baseflow Contributions
                                                              1. Gaining and Losing Streams
                                                                1. Springs and Seeps
                                                                  1. Hyporheic Exchange
                                                                2. Fluvial Geomorphology
                                                                  1. Channel Formation and Evolution
                                                                    1. Channel Initiation
                                                                      1. Overland Flow Concentration
                                                                        1. Headcut Formation
                                                                        2. Channel Incision
                                                                          1. Vertical Erosion Processes
                                                                            1. Knickpoint Migration
                                                                            2. Channel Widening
                                                                              1. Bank Erosion Mechanisms
                                                                                1. Lateral Migration
                                                                              2. Erosion and Deposition Processes
                                                                                1. Types of Erosion
                                                                                  1. Bank Erosion
                                                                                    1. Bed Erosion
                                                                                      1. Headcutting
                                                                                        1. Mass Wasting
                                                                                        2. Sediment Transport
                                                                                          1. Bedload Transport
                                                                                            1. Suspended Load Transport
                                                                                              1. Dissolved Load Transport
                                                                                                1. Critical Shear Stress
                                                                                                2. Deposition Processes
                                                                                                  1. Point Bars
                                                                                                    1. Floodplains
                                                                                                      1. Deltas and Fans
                                                                                                    2. Channel Patterns and Morphology
                                                                                                      1. Straight Channels
                                                                                                        1. Occurrence and Stability
                                                                                                          1. Thalweg Patterns
                                                                                                          2. Meandering Channels
                                                                                                            1. Meander Formation
                                                                                                              1. Meander Migration
                                                                                                                1. Oxbow Lake Formation
                                                                                                                  1. Cutoff Processes
                                                                                                                  2. Braided Channels
                                                                                                                    1. Formation Conditions
                                                                                                                      1. Bar Development
                                                                                                                        1. Channel Switching
                                                                                                                        2. Anastomosing Channels
                                                                                                                          1. Characteristics
                                                                                                                            1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                          2. Valley and Channel Constraints
                                                                                                                            1. Confined Channels
                                                                                                                              1. Partly Confined Channels
                                                                                                                                1. Unconfined Channels
                                                                                                                                  1. Bedrock Controls
                                                                                                                                  2. Riparian Zone Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                    1. Vegetation Types and Zonation
                                                                                                                                      1. Hydric Vegetation
                                                                                                                                        1. Mesic Vegetation
                                                                                                                                          1. Xeric Vegetation
                                                                                                                                          2. Geomorphic Functions
                                                                                                                                            1. Bank Stabilization
                                                                                                                                              1. Sediment Trapping
                                                                                                                                                1. Flow Resistance
                                                                                                                                                2. Biogeochemical Functions
                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Buffering
                                                                                                                                                    1. Pollutant Filtration
                                                                                                                                                      1. Carbon Storage
                                                                                                                                                      2. Ecological Functions
                                                                                                                                                        1. Wildlife Habitat
                                                                                                                                                          1. Corridor Functions
                                                                                                                                                            1. Microclimate Regulation
                                                                                                                                                        2. Substrate Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                          1. Particle Size Classification
                                                                                                                                                            1. Bedrock
                                                                                                                                                              1. Boulders
                                                                                                                                                                1. Cobble
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Gravel
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sand
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Silt
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Clay
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Substrate Properties
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Particle Size Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sorting and Gradation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Angularity and Roundness
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Porosity and Permeability
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Substrate Stability and Mobility
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Factors Affecting Stability
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Particle Size
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Flow Velocity
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bed Armoring
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Embeddedness
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Definition and Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Effects on Organisms
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Substrate Turnover
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Frequency and Magnitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ecological Implications
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Organic Substrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Woody Debris
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Leaf Packs
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Detrital Accumulations
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Light and Temperature Regimes
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Light Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Solar Radiation Inputs
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Factors Influencing Light Penetration
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Depth
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Turbidity
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dissolved Organic Matter
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Underwater Light Climate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spectral Quality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Light Attenuation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Riparian Canopy Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Shading Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Daily Variation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Seasonal Variation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Canopy Openness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Edge Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Temperature Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Heat Budget Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Solar Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Longwave Radiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Evaporation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Conduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Thermal Stratification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Formation in Pools
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Persistence and Breakdown
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Temperature Variability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Diel Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Longitudinal Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Vertical Gradients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Thermal Refugia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Groundwater Inputs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Spring-fed Areas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Deep Pools
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Shaded Areas

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Introduction to Stream Ecology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. The Chemical Environment