Stream Ecology

  1. Stream Assessment and Biomonitoring
    1. Assessment Frameworks
      1. Reference Condition Approach
        1. Reference Site Selection
          1. Least Disturbed Sites
            1. Historical Conditions
              1. Modeled Expectations
              2. Reference Condition Establishment
                1. Baseline Characterization
                  1. Natural Variability
                    1. Temporal Stability
                  2. Condition Gradient Approach
                    1. Disturbance Gradients
                      1. Response Relationships
                        1. Threshold Identification
                        2. Predictive Modeling Approaches
                          1. RIVPACS Models
                            1. Machine Learning Applications
                              1. Habitat Suitability Models
                            2. Physical Habitat Assessment
                              1. Reach-scale Assessment
                                1. Channel Dimensions
                                  1. Width Measurements
                                    1. Depth Measurements
                                      1. Cross-sectional Area
                                      2. Channel Pattern
                                        1. Sinuosity
                                          1. Meander Characteristics
                                            1. Braiding Index
                                            2. Substrate Composition
                                              1. Particle Size Distribution
                                                1. Embeddedness Assessment
                                                  1. Substrate Stability
                                                  2. Flow Characteristics
                                                    1. Velocity Measurements
                                                      1. Flow Types
                                                        1. Hydraulic Complexity
                                                      2. Riparian Assessment
                                                        1. Vegetation Structure
                                                          1. Canopy Cover
                                                            1. Vegetation Density
                                                              1. Species Composition
                                                              2. Bank Condition
                                                                1. Bank Stability
                                                                  1. Erosion Assessment
                                                                    1. Undercutting
                                                                    2. Human Modifications
                                                                      1. Development Pressure
                                                                        1. Land Use Impacts
                                                                      2. Habitat Complexity Metrics
                                                                        1. Large Woody Debris
                                                                          1. Abundance
                                                                            1. Size Distribution
                                                                              1. Functionality
                                                                              2. Pool-Riffle Sequences
                                                                                1. Frequency
                                                                                  1. Quality
                                                                                    1. Connectivity
                                                                                2. Water Quality Monitoring
                                                                                  1. Physical Parameters
                                                                                    1. Temperature
                                                                                      1. Continuous Monitoring
                                                                                        1. Thermal Regime Characterization
                                                                                        2. Turbidity and Suspended Solids
                                                                                          1. Optical Methods
                                                                                            1. Gravimetric Methods
                                                                                            2. Flow and Stage
                                                                                              1. Gauging Stations
                                                                                                1. Pressure Transducers
                                                                                              2. Chemical Parameters
                                                                                                1. Dissolved Oxygen
                                                                                                  1. Probe Measurements
                                                                                                    1. Winkler Titration
                                                                                                      1. Diel Monitoring
                                                                                                      2. Nutrients
                                                                                                        1. Nitrogen Species
                                                                                                          1. Phosphorus Forms
                                                                                                            1. Laboratory Analysis
                                                                                                            2. pH and Alkalinity
                                                                                                              1. Field Measurements
                                                                                                                1. Laboratory Confirmation
                                                                                                                2. Conductivity
                                                                                                                  1. Specific Conductance
                                                                                                                    1. Total Dissolved Solids
                                                                                                                  2. Contaminant Monitoring
                                                                                                                    1. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                      1. Water Column Sampling
                                                                                                                        1. Sediment Analysis
                                                                                                                          1. Tissue Analysis
                                                                                                                          2. Organic Pollutants
                                                                                                                            1. Pesticides
                                                                                                                              1. Industrial Chemicals
                                                                                                                                1. Emerging Contaminants
                                                                                                                            2. Biological Assessment
                                                                                                                              1. Macroinvertebrate Assessment
                                                                                                                                1. Sampling Methods
                                                                                                                                  1. Kick-net Sampling
                                                                                                                                    1. Surber Sampling
                                                                                                                                      1. Artificial Substrate Sampling
                                                                                                                                        1. Quantitative vs. Qualitative
                                                                                                                                        2. Sample Processing
                                                                                                                                          1. Field Sorting
                                                                                                                                            1. Laboratory Identification
                                                                                                                                              1. Taxonomic Resolution
                                                                                                                                              2. Community Metrics
                                                                                                                                                1. Taxonomic Richness
                                                                                                                                                  1. Abundance Measures
                                                                                                                                                    1. Diversity Indices
                                                                                                                                                      1. Functional Metrics
                                                                                                                                                      2. Multimetric Indices
                                                                                                                                                        1. Index of Biotic Integrity
                                                                                                                                                          1. EPT Index
                                                                                                                                                            1. Regional Indices
                                                                                                                                                              1. Scoring and Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                            2. Fish Assessment
                                                                                                                                                              1. Sampling Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                1. Electrofishing
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seine Netting
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gill Netting
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Snorkeling Surveys
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Community Metrics
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Species Richness
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Abundance
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Biomass
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Age Structure
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Fish Index of Biotic Integrity
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Metric Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Scoring Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Regional Calibration
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Periphyton Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Biomass Measurements
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chlorophyll-a
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ash-free Dry Mass
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Biovolume
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Community Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Species Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Diversity Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Functional Groups
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Indicator Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Pollution Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Trophic Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ecological Preferences
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Microbial Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bacterial Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Fecal Coliforms
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. E. coli
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Enterococci
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Pathogen Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Viral Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Parasitic Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Molecular Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. DNA-based Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Quantitative PCR
                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Data Analysis and Interpretation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Statistical Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Univariate Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Descriptive Statistics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hypothesis Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trend Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Multivariate Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ordination Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Classification Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Canonical Correspondence Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Index Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Metric Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Scoring Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Index Validation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sensitivity Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Threshold Determination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Change Point Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Quantile Regression
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Expert Judgment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Uncertainty Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Measurement Error
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sampling Variability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Model Uncertainty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sampling Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Site Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Temporal Sampling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Replication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Controls
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Field Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Standardized Protocols
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Equipment Calibration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chain of Custody
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Field Blanks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Laboratory Procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Analytical Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Detection Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Precision and Accuracy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reference Materials

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      7. Human Impacts on Stream Ecosystems

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      9. Stream Restoration and Management