Radiation Biology

9.

Environmental and Population Effects

9.1.

Natural Background Radiation

9.1.1.

Cosmic Radiation

9.1.1.1.

Primary Cosmic Rays

9.1.1.2.

Secondary Cosmic Rays

9.1.1.3.

Altitude Effects

9.1.2.

Terrestrial Radiation

9.1.2.1.

Uranium Decay Series

9.1.2.2.

Thorium Decay Series

9.1.2.3.

9.1.2.4.

Geographic Variations

9.1.3.

Internal Radiation

9.1.3.1.

Radon and Progeny

9.1.3.2.

9.1.3.3.

Other Natural Radionuclides

9.2.

Anthropogenic Radiation Sources

9.2.1.

Medical Exposures

9.2.1.1.

Diagnostic Procedures

9.2.1.2.

Therapeutic Procedures

9.2.1.3.

Population Doses

9.2.2.

Nuclear Weapons Testing

9.2.2.1.

Atmospheric Testing

9.2.2.2.

Fallout Distribution

9.2.2.3.

Long-term Consequences

9.2.3.

Nuclear Power Generation

9.2.3.1.

Routine Releases

9.2.3.2.

Accident Scenarios

9.2.3.3.

Waste Management

9.2.4.

Industrial Applications

9.2.4.1.

9.2.4.2.

9.2.4.3.

9.3.

Population Dose Assessment

9.3.1.

Collective Dose Concepts

9.3.2.

Critical Groups

9.3.3.

Dose Reconstruction

9.3.4.

Epidemiological Studies

9.4.

Environmental Transport

9.4.1.

Atmospheric Dispersion

9.4.2.

Aquatic Transport

9.4.3.

Terrestrial Migration

9.4.4.

Food Chain Transfer

9.4.5.

Bioaccumulation

9.5.

Ecological Effects

9.5.1.

Effects on Plants

9.5.2.

Effects on Animals

9.5.3.

Ecosystem Responses

9.5.4.

Radiation Hormesis Debate

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8. Clinical Applications

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1. Fundamentals of Radiation Physics