Post-Harvest Technology and Processing

9.

Packaging Technology and Systems

9.1.

Packaging Functions and Requirements

9.1.1.

Primary Functions

9.1.1.1.

Product Containment

9.1.1.2.

Protection from Environment

9.1.1.3.

Preservation of Quality

9.1.2.

Secondary Functions

9.1.2.1.

Convenience Features

9.1.2.2.

Marketing and Communication

9.1.2.3.

Tamper Evidence

9.1.3.

Barrier Properties

9.1.3.1.

Moisture Barrier Requirements

9.1.3.2.

Oxygen Barrier Properties

9.1.3.3.

Light Protection

9.1.3.4.

Aroma and Flavor Barriers

9.2.

Packaging Materials and Properties

9.2.1.

Traditional Packaging Materials

9.2.1.1.

Natural Fiber Materials

9.2.1.2.

Wood and Bamboo Products

9.2.1.3.

Clay and Ceramic Containers

9.2.2.

Paper and Paperboard

9.2.2.1.

Manufacturing Processes

9.2.2.2.

Coating and Lamination

9.2.2.3.

Strength and Barrier Properties

9.2.3.

Glass Packaging

9.2.3.1.

Container Manufacturing

9.2.3.2.

Closure Systems

9.2.3.3.

Advantages and Limitations

9.2.4.

Metal Packaging

9.2.4.1.

Tinplate and Aluminum

9.2.4.2.

Can Manufacturing

9.2.4.3.

Corrosion Protection

9.2.5.

Plastic Packaging Materials

9.2.5.1.

Thermoplastic Polymers

9.2.5.2.

Thermoset Materials

9.2.5.3.

Biodegradable Plastics

9.2.5.4.

Barrier Coatings and Laminates

9.2.6.

Composite Materials

9.2.6.1.

Multi-Layer Structures

9.2.6.2.

Laminated Materials

9.2.6.3.

Coextruded Films

9.3.

Packaging Technologies and Systems

9.3.1.

Flexible Packaging

9.3.1.1.

Film Manufacturing

9.3.1.2.

Pouch and Bag Formation

9.3.1.3.

Sealing Technologies

9.3.2.

Rigid Packaging

9.3.2.1.

Container Manufacturing

9.3.2.2.

Closure Application

9.3.2.3.

Filling and Sealing

9.3.3.

Vacuum Packaging

9.3.3.1.

Vacuum System Components

9.3.3.2.

Package Design Considerations

9.3.3.3.

Quality Effects

9.3.4.

Modified Atmosphere Packaging

9.3.4.1.

Gas Mixture Selection

9.3.4.2.

Equipment and Systems

9.3.4.3.

Package Integrity Testing

9.3.5.

Active Packaging Systems

9.3.5.1.

Oxygen Scavenging Systems

9.3.5.2.

Moisture Control Packages

9.3.5.3.

Antimicrobial Packaging

9.3.6.

Intelligent Packaging

9.3.6.1.

Time-Temperature Indicators

9.3.6.2.

Freshness and Quality Sensors

9.3.6.3.

RFID and Smart Labels

9.4.

Package Design and Testing

9.4.1.

Structural Design Principles

9.4.1.1.

Load Distribution

9.4.1.2.

Stacking Strength

9.4.1.3.

Drop and Impact Resistance

9.4.2.

Barrier Property Testing

9.4.2.1.

Permeability Measurements

9.4.2.2.

Seal Integrity Testing

9.4.2.3.

Accelerated Aging Tests

9.4.3.

Package Performance Evaluation

9.4.3.1.

Distribution Testing

9.4.3.2.

Consumer Use Testing

9.4.3.3.

Shelf Life Studies

9.5.

Labeling and Regulatory Requirements

9.5.1.

Mandatory Labeling Information

9.5.1.1.

Product Identification

9.5.1.2.

Nutritional Information

9.5.1.3.

Allergen Declarations

9.5.2.

Regulatory Compliance

9.5.2.1.

Food Contact Materials

9.5.2.2.

Migration Testing

9.5.2.3.

International Standards

9.5.3.

Traceability Systems

9.5.3.1.

Batch Coding Systems

9.5.3.2.

Supply Chain Tracking

9.5.3.3.

Recall Procedures

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10. Quality Control and Food Safety Management