Natural Hazards

  1. Mitigation Strategies and Risk Reduction
    1. Structural Mitigation
      1. Engineering Solutions
        1. Seismic Design and Retrofitting
          1. Wind-Resistant Design
            1. Flood-Resistant Construction
              1. Fire-Resistant Materials
              2. Protective Infrastructure
                1. Dams and Reservoirs
                  1. Levees and Floodwalls
                    1. Seawalls and Breakwaters
                      1. Slope Stabilization
                        1. Storm Drainage Systems
                        2. Building Codes and Standards
                          1. Code Development Process
                            1. Performance-Based Design
                              1. Code Enforcement
                                1. Retrofit Requirements
                              2. Non-Structural Mitigation
                                1. Land Use Planning
                                  1. Hazard Zone Mapping
                                    1. Development Restrictions
                                      1. Density Controls
                                        1. Setback Requirements
                                        2. Natural Resource Management
                                          1. Wetland Preservation
                                            1. Forest Management
                                              1. Coastal Dune Protection
                                                1. Watershed Management
                                                2. Economic Instruments
                                                  1. Insurance Programs
                                                    1. Tax Incentives
                                                      1. Development Impact Fees
                                                        1. Transfer of Development Rights
                                                        2. Education and Awareness
                                                          1. Public Education Programs
                                                            1. School Safety Programs
                                                              1. Community Outreach
                                                                1. Professional Training
                                                              2. Nature-Based Solutions
                                                                1. Ecosystem Services for Hazard Reduction
                                                                  1. Green Infrastructure
                                                                    1. Living Shorelines
                                                                      1. Urban Forests
                                                                        1. Constructed Wetlands
                                                                          1. Sustainable Drainage Systems
                                                                          2. Risk Transfer Mechanisms
                                                                            1. Insurance Markets
                                                                              1. Catastrophe Bonds
                                                                                1. Risk Pooling
                                                                                  1. Government Disaster Funds
                                                                                    1. Microinsurance
                                                                                    2. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                                                                                      1. Economic Evaluation Methods
                                                                                        1. Benefit-Cost Ratios
                                                                                          1. Net Present Value
                                                                                            1. Avoided Losses
                                                                                              1. Co-Benefits Assessment

                                                                                            Previous

                                                                                            8. Disaster Management and Emergency Response

                                                                                            Go to top

                                                                                            Next

                                                                                            10. Human Dimensions and Social Aspects