Natural Hazards

  1. Monitoring, Forecasting, and Early Warning
    1. Monitoring Systems and Technologies
      1. Ground-Based Monitoring
        1. Seismic Networks
          1. Weather Station Networks
            1. Stream Gauges
              1. Ground Deformation Monitoring
              2. Remote Sensing Applications
                1. Satellite Observations
                  1. Radar Systems
                    1. LiDAR Technology
                      1. Thermal Imaging
                      2. Ocean Monitoring Systems
                        1. Buoy Networks
                          1. Tide Gauges
                            1. Ocean Bottom Sensors
                            2. Atmospheric Monitoring
                              1. Radiosondes
                                1. Wind Profilers
                                  1. Lightning Detection Networks
                                2. Forecasting and Prediction
                                  1. Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Forecasting
                                    1. Numerical Modeling
                                      1. Weather Prediction Models
                                        1. Climate Models
                                          1. Hydrological Models
                                            1. Geological Process Models
                                            2. Ensemble Forecasting
                                              1. Forecast Verification
                                                1. Forecast Skill and Accuracy
                                                2. Early Warning Systems
                                                  1. System Components
                                                    1. Detection and Monitoring
                                                      1. Analysis and Forecasting
                                                        1. Warning Dissemination
                                                          1. Response Capability
                                                          2. Warning Criteria and Thresholds
                                                            1. Multi-Hazard Warning Systems
                                                              1. Community-Based Early Warning
                                                                1. Technology Integration
                                                                2. Risk Communication
                                                                  1. Risk Perception Psychology
                                                                    1. Communication Strategies
                                                                      1. Message Design and Delivery
                                                                        1. Media Relations
                                                                          1. Public Education Programs
                                                                            1. Cultural Considerations
                                                                              1. Evaluation of Communication Effectiveness

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                                                                            6. Hazard Assessment and Risk Analysis

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                                                                            8. Disaster Management and Emergency Response