Natural Hazards

  1. Extraterrestrial Hazards
    1. Near-Earth Objects
      1. Asteroids
        1. Asteroid Classification
          1. Orbital Characteristics
            1. Size Distribution
            2. Comets
              1. Comet Structure and Composition
                1. Orbital Patterns
                  1. Outgassing and Fragmentation
                  2. Meteoroids and Meteors
                    1. Atmospheric Entry
                      1. Meteorite Recovery
                    2. Impact Events
                      1. Impact Physics
                        1. Crater Formation Process
                          1. Energy Release Calculations
                            1. Impact Velocity Effects
                            2. Impact Effects
                              1. Local Effects
                                1. Crater Formation
                                  1. Shock Wave Propagation
                                    1. Thermal Effects
                                    2. Regional Effects
                                      1. Seismic Shaking
                                        1. Tsunami Generation
                                          1. Ejecta Distribution
                                          2. Global Effects
                                            1. Atmospheric Dust Loading
                                              1. Climate Perturbations
                                                1. Impact Winter Scenarios
                                              2. Historical Impact Events
                                                1. Tunguska Event
                                                  1. Chicxulub Impact
                                                    1. Recent Meteor Events
                                                    2. Impact Risk Assessment
                                                      1. Torino Scale
                                                        1. Palermo Scale
                                                          1. Probability Calculations
                                                          2. Detection and Monitoring
                                                            1. Ground-Based Surveys
                                                              1. Space-Based Observations
                                                                1. Radar Observations
                                                                2. Mitigation Strategies
                                                                  1. Deflection Techniques
                                                                    1. Disruption Methods
                                                                      1. Civil Defense Measures
                                                                    2. Space Weather
                                                                      1. Solar Activity
                                                                        1. Solar Flares
                                                                          1. Coronal Mass Ejections
                                                                            1. Solar Wind Variations
                                                                            2. Geomagnetic Storms
                                                                              1. Magnetosphere Interactions
                                                                                1. Geomagnetic Indices
                                                                                  1. Aurora Formation
                                                                                  2. Space Weather Impacts
                                                                                    1. Satellite Operations
                                                                                      1. Power Grid Disruptions
                                                                                        1. Aviation Radiation Exposure
                                                                                          1. GPS and Communication Systems
                                                                                          2. Space Weather Monitoring
                                                                                            1. Solar Observations
                                                                                              1. Magnetosphere Monitoring
                                                                                                1. Forecasting Systems

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                                                                                            4. Biological and Environmental Hazards

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                                                                                            6. Hazard Assessment and Risk Analysis