Natural Hazards

  1. Future Challenges and Emerging Issues
    1. Urbanization and Hazard Exposure
      1. Megacity Vulnerabilities
        1. Informal Settlements
          1. Urban Heat Islands
            1. Infrastructure Interdependencies
            2. Technological Hazards and Natural Hazards
              1. Natech Events
                1. Critical Infrastructure Failures
                  1. Cyber-Physical System Vulnerabilities
                  2. Cascading and Compound Hazards
                    1. Multi-Hazard Interactions
                      1. System-of-Systems Failures
                        1. Tipping Points and Thresholds
                        2. Global Interconnectedness
                          1. Supply Chain Vulnerabilities
                            1. Economic Contagion
                              1. Information System Dependencies
                              2. Emerging Hazards
                                1. Space Weather Impacts
                                  1. Synthetic Biology Risks
                                    1. Geoengineering Consequences
                                    2. Future Research Directions
                                      1. Interdisciplinary Approaches
                                        1. Big Data Applications
                                          1. Complexity Science
                                            1. Resilience Science

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                                          13. Policy, Governance, and International Cooperation

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                                          1. Foundational Concepts